{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:09:31Z","timestamp":1777633771680,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,10]],"date-time":"2015-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1449705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,10]],"date-time":"2015-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1449705600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Chemotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: We investigated the targeting of microtubules (MT) and F-actin cytoskeleton (AC) of the human pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans with agents for cancer therapy, in order to examine whether this yeast cytoskeleton could become a new antifungal target for the inhibition of cell division. Methods: Cells treated with 10 cytoskeleton inhibitors in yeast extract peptone dextrose medium were investigated by phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopy, and growth inhibition was estimated by cell counts using a B\u00fcrker chamber and measuring absorbance for 6 days. Results: Docetaxel, paclitaxel, vinblastine sulfate salt, cytochalasin D and chlorpropham [isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate] did not inhibit proliferation. The MT inhibitors methyl benzimidazole-2-ylcarbamate (BCM), nocodazole, thiabendazole (TBZ) and vincristine (VINC) disrupted MT and inhibited mitoses, but anucleated buds emerged on cells that increased in size, vacuolated and seemed to die after 2 days. The response of the cells to the presence of the actin inhibitor latrunculin A (LA) included the disappearance of actin patches, actin cables and actin rings; this arrested budding and cell division. However, in 3-4 days, resistant budding cells appeared in all 5 inhibitors. Disruption of the MT and AC and inhibition of cell division and budding persisted only when the MT and AC inhibitors were combined, i.e. VINC + LA, BCM + LA or TBZ + LA. Conclusion: The MT and AC of C. neoformans are new antifungal targets for the persistent inhibition of cell division by combined F-actin and MT inhibitors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000437134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,10]],"date-time":"2015-12-10T02:26:12Z","timestamp":1449714372000},"page":"117-121","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Microtubules and Actin Cytoskeleton of Cryptococcus neoformans as Targets for Anticancer Agents to Potentiate a Novel Approach for New Antifungals"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Marie","family":"Kopeck\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcl014"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.59.062906.071602"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/0171-9335-00157"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(98)80095-1"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.phyto.24.1.43"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-13-0791"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/87.1.46"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2014.09.007"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000371413"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000377619"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-144-8-2331"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000091"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26006-0"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000224655"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000316330"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6681676"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35048096"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35085684"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000330454"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.1.6.856-864.2002"}],"container-title":["Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/che\/article-pdf\/61\/3\/117\/3894906\/000437134.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/che\/article-pdf\/61\/3\/117\/3894906\/000437134.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T17:37:10Z","timestamp":1745429830000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000437134"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,10]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000437134","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-3157","1421-9794"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-3157","type":"print"},{"value":"1421-9794","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,10]]}}}