{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T05:29:11Z","timestamp":1777354151755,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,28]],"date-time":"2015-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,28]],"date-time":"2015-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Innate Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading killer infectious diseases. TB patients are inflicted with devastating side effects and the toxicity of a lengthy drug regime, accentuating an urgent need to explore newer and safer treatment methods. Recently, an improved understanding of host-pathogen interaction has opened new avenues for TB treatment, including immunotherapy. This has emboldened us to devise a novel strategy to restrict &lt;i&gt;Mycobacterium tuberculosis&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;(Mtb)&lt;\/i&gt; growth by activating dendritic cells (DCs) through the NOD-2 and TLR-4 molecules of innate immunity. Triggered DCs show a robust release of cytokines and nitric oxide, autophagy and improved migration towards the lymph nodes, and consequently impede the intracellular survival of &lt;i&gt;Mtb&lt;\/i&gt;. Of note, this approach enhanced the efficacy of TB drugs by reducing their dose to a 5-fold lesser concentration than recommended. In vivo administration of ligands of NOD-2 (NOD-2L) and TLR-4 (TLR-4L) substantially increased the pool of effector memory CD4 and CD8 T cells. Additionally, NOD-2L and TLR-4L, in conjunction with the reduced dose of isoniazid, substantially declined the &lt;i&gt;Mtb&lt;\/i&gt; burden in the lungs. In the future, adjunct therapy involving NOD-2L, TLR-4L and TB drugs may have enough potential to reduce the dose and duration of treatment of TB patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000439591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,27]],"date-time":"2015-11-27T22:01:12Z","timestamp":1448661672000},"page":"228-242","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["NOD-2 and TLR-4 Signaling Reinforces the Efficacy of Dendritic Cells and Reduces the Dose of TB Drugs against &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mycobacterium 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