{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T20:26:43Z","timestamp":1760646403234,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Caries Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the surface zones of acidic fluoride-treated enamel. Human teeth were each divided into three or four enamel specimens that were treated for 10 min with solutions of 0.2 and 0.4% HF (pH 3.09 and 2.94), 1.74% SnF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt; (pH 2.9), 0.68% TiF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;\/sub&gt; (pH 1.6) and 0.84% NaF (pH 4.5). Untreated specimens functioned as negative controls. The microstructure and elemental composition of the surface zones were studied by scanning electron microscopy\/energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanospot-EDX following cross-sectional preparation using focused ion beam technology. TEM\/EDX analyses of NaF-treated specimens showed a 500-nm-thick closed surface film containing 20-40 at% (atomic percent) F. HF-treated specimens had a distinct surface film 200-600 nm thick (dense, not globular) containing 45-47 at% F. TiF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;\/sub&gt;-treated specimens had a surface film of 200-300 nm in thickness containing 8-11 at% Ti but no detectable fluoride. SnF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;-treated specimens had a modified surface enamel layer varying in thickness from 200 to 800 nm with an inhomogeneous distribution of Sn. Local spots were detected with as high as 8 at% Sn (30 wt%, weight percent). The results suggest that the reaction mechanisms of SnF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt; and TiF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;\/sub&gt; solutions with dental enamel differ from those occurring after enamel exposure to acidulated NaF and HF solutions. While the HF and NaF treatments resulted in the formation of CaF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;-like material as shown by EDX, no significant surface fluoridation was found for SnF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt; and TiF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;\/sub&gt; solutions within the TEM\/EDX detection limits. These results suggest that the erosion-protective mechanisms of these latter compounds probably relate more to the formation of hardly soluble and acid-resistant reaction surface films and less to surface fluoride incorporation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000441195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]],"date-time":"2015-11-04T22:02:11Z","timestamp":1446674531000},"page":"618-625","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Descriptive in vitro Electron Microscopic Study of Acidic Fluoride-Treated Enamel: Potential Anti-Erosion Effects"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Carl","family":"Hjortsj\u00f6","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alix","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Kiesow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Cismak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lutz","family":"Berthold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Petzold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,5]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"ref1","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-4679(92)90211-B"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"ref2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1997.tb00233.x"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"ref3","DOI":"10.1159\/000111743"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"ref4","DOI":"10.1159\/000261415"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"ref5","DOI":"10.1159\/000209345"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"ref6","DOI":"10.1080\/00016350903117118"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"ref7","DOI":"10.1159\/000094291"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"ref8","DOI":"10.1080\/00016350701477581"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"ref9","DOI":"10.1159\/000331391"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"ref10","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4179(95)93254-H"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"ref11","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345880670020201"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"ref12","DOI":"10.1021\/la102325e"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"ref13","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345720510061001"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"ref14","DOI":"10.1159\/000049110"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"ref15","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2013.773371"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"ref16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2009.00647.x"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"ref17","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.22467"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"ref18","DOI":"10.1159\/000324805"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"ref19","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345760550032101"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"ref20","DOI":"10.1159\/000353143"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"ref21","DOI":"10.1159\/000316539"}],"container-title":["Caries Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/441195","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/441195","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/441195","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T17:58:06Z","timestamp":1745431086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000441195"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000441195","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0008-6568","1421-976X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0008-6568"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1421-976X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}}}