{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T07:47:40Z","timestamp":1789372060671,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Skin Appendage Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"abstract":"<b><i>Background:<\/i><\/b> Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin condition associated with four distinct subtypes: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular. <b><i>Purpose:<\/i><\/b> To review the different kinds of management for all subtypes. <b><i>Methods:<\/i><\/b> We divided rosacea management into three main categories: patient education, skin care, and pharmacological\/procedural interventions. <b><i>Results:<\/i><\/b> Flushing is better prevented rather than treated, by avoiding specific triggers, decreasing transepidermal water loss by moisturizers, and blocking ultraviolet light. Nonselective \u03b2-blockers and \u03b1<sub>2<\/sub>-adrenergic agonists decrease erythema and flushing. The topical \u03b1-adrenergic receptor agonist brimonidine tartrate 0.5% reduces persistent facial erythema. Intradermal botulinum toxin injection is almost safe and effective for the erythema and flushing. Flashlamp-pumped dye, potassium-titanyl-phosphate and pulsed-dye laser, and intense pulsed light are used for telangiectasias. Metronidazole 1% and azelaic acid 15% cream reduce the severity of erythema. Both systemic and topical remedies treat papulopustules. Systemic remedies include metronidazole, doxycycline, minocycline, clarithromycin and isotretinoin, while topical remedies are based on metronidazole 0.75%, azelaic acid 15 or 20%, sodium sulfacetamide, ivermectin 1%, permethrin 5%, and retinoid. Ocular involvement can be treated with oral or topical antibacterial. Rhinophyma can be corrected by dermatosurgical procedures, decortication, and various types of lasers. <b><i>Conclusion:<\/i><\/b> There are many options for rosacea management. Patients may have multiple subtypes, and each phase has its own treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000446215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]],"date-time":"2016-05-17T21:28:25Z","timestamp":1463520505000},"page":"26-34","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Rosacea Management"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Manal","family":"Abokwidir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0090-6289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven R.","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2005.01216.x"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.08.027"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200203070-00005"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20621"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14764172.2014.957218"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000368773"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10473.x"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.2009.00684.x"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09546634.2014.991672"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2009.04.007"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1994.01690030051008"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2011.01223.x"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(99)70022-8"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.38.9.1076-b"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1980.tb06558.x"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-6075com"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.472"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.5.2274"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3980\/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.03.19"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S6370"}],"container-title":["Skin Appendage Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/446215","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/446215","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/446215","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T18:05:27Z","timestamp":1745431527000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000446215"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000446215","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-9195","2296-9160"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-9195","type":"print"},{"value":"2296-9160","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}}}