{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T08:53:37Z","timestamp":1775724817756,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]],"date-time":"2016-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]],"date-time":"2016-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468195200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Case Rep Dermatol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, pruritic skin disease often complicated by bacterial superinfection affecting 10.7% of American children. The pathogenesis involves a skin barrier breakdown in addition to dysfunctional innate and adaptive immune response, including an unbalanced increase in T-helper 2 cells and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E. The increased numbers of T-helper 2 cells are involved in stimulating the production of immunoglobulin E and eosinophilia by releasing interleukin-4, -5, and -13 as well as in decreasing protection against bacterial superinfection by releasing interleukin-10. The current Food and Drug Administration-approved symptomatic treatment for AD includes topical ointments, topical and systemic corticosteroids, topical immunomodulant therapy, antibiotics, and phototherapy, but there are not approved targeted therapies or cures. By presenting a case of an 8-year-old African-American boy, this case report supports novel therapy of moderate-to-severe AD with apremilast, a phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor. Apremilast has recently completed the phase 2 clinical trial (NCT02087943) for treatment of AD in adults. This case report illustrates the potential for apremilast as a treatment for AD in children, where there is a great need for safe and effective medications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000446836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]],"date-time":"2016-07-11T22:27:55Z","timestamp":1468276075000},"page":"179-184","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Apremilast Use for Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis in Pediatric Patients"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Rachael\u00a0C.","family":"Saporito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David\u00a0J.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.251"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12809\/hkmj144474"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2015.1034107"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2012.812"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(82)90008-2"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(93)90321-6"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12316116"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00559.x"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-015-0150-4"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.10.010"}],"container-title":["Case Reports in Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/446836","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/446836","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/446836","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T18:11:25Z","timestamp":1745431885000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000446836"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000446836","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-6567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-6567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]]}}}