{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T15:12:20Z","timestamp":1751555540293,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuroimmunomodulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"abstract":"<b><i>Background\/Aim:<\/i><\/b> Neonatal infection can sensitize the adult substantia nigra (SN) to secondary insults, causing a decrease in antioxidant capacity which may lead to Parkinson's disease in adults. We studied the prolonged effect of systemic infection by (i.p.) administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, the antioxidant regulator nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor &#x03B3; coactivator (PGC)-1\u03b1 in rat SN. <b><i>Method and Results:<\/i><\/b> Five-day-old rat pups were treated with LPS (i.p. 2 mg\/kg). After 65 days, the mRNA level of IL-1\u03b2 was significantly increased, in parallel with a decrease in that of the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione synthesis, the &#x03B3;-glutamylcysteine ligase catalytic subunit (&#x03B3;GCLc), Nrf2, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Protein levels of &#x03B3;GCLc and Nrf2 were decreased while IL-1\u03b2 protein was significantly increased. These LPS-induced long-term changes correlated with a decrease in phosphorylated (active) AKT (pAKT) and phosphorylated (inactive) GSK-3\u03b2 (pGSK-3\u03b2). In another set of experiments, a 0.1% <i>Spirulina<\/i>-containing diet was given to lactating mothers 24 h before the LPS treatment of the pups. The <i>Spirulina-<\/i>supplemented diet decreased IL-1\u03b2 protein expression in SN and elevated the mRNA level of &#x03B3;GCLc, Nrf2 protein, PGC-1\u03b1 protein, and pAKT. <b><i>Conclusion:<\/i><\/b> Early-life infection can negatively affect Nrf2, pAKT, and pGSK-3\u03b2 for a long time in SN. A diet enriched with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phytochemicals can partly restore some, but not all, of the effects on the antioxidant defense, possibly via normalizing effects on pAKT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000452714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,8]],"date-time":"2016-12-08T22:01:35Z","timestamp":1481234495000},"page":"250-259","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sustained Effects of Neonatal Systemic Lipopolysaccharide on IL-1\u03b2 and Nrf2 in Adult Rat Substantia Nigra Are Partly Normalized by a <b><i>Spirulina<\/i><\/b>-Enriched Diet"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jaspal","family":"Patil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashok","family":"Matte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Nissbrandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8953-919X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina","family":"Mallard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mats","family":"Sandberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,9]]},"container-title":["Neuroimmunomodulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/452714","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/452714","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/452714","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T17:24:18Z","timestamp":1745429058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000452714"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000452714","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1021-7401","1423-0216"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1021-7401"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1423-0216"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}}}