{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T14:59:45Z","timestamp":1793458785895,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neonatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Over the last few years, probiotics have been one of the most studied interventions in neonatal medicine. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Objectives:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; The aim of this work was to analyse all studies (randomized controlled trials, RCTs, and observational studies) assessing the use of probiotics in very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm infants. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Search Methods:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The data from RCTs and observational studies were pooled and analysed separately. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Selection Criteria:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; RCTs and observational studies that enrolled VLBW infants with enteral administration of probiotics were considered. Extracted study data included probiotic characteristics and at least 1 clinical outcome (necrotizing enterocolitis [NEC], late-onset sepsis or all-cause mortality). &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Data Collection and Analysis:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Forty-four studies were eligible for our review: 30 RCTs and 14 observational studies. Severe NEC rates (stage II or more) and all-cause mortality were reduced among the probiotic groups in both the RCTs (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.47-0.70, and RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.65-0.92, respectively) and the observational studies (RR 0.51, 95% CI 0.37-0.70, and RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.62-0.81, respectively). Furthermore, there was a 12% reduction in the risk of sepsis in RCTs and a 19% reduction in observational studies. The meta-analysis of observational studies showed a reduction in the risk of NEC in extremely low birth weight infants. However, this was not statistically significant. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; This meta-analysis of RCT and observational studies found that the use of probiotics was beneficial for the prevention of severe NEC, late-onset sepsis, and all-cause mortality in VLBW infants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000454668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,14]],"date-time":"2017-02-14T17:01:37Z","timestamp":1487091697000},"page":"9-23","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":183,"title":["The \u201cGolden Age\u201d of Probiotics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized and Observational Studies in Preterm 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