{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T03:51:36Z","timestamp":1777866696899,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]],"date-time":"2017-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]],"date-time":"2017-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502409600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dev Pharmacol Ther"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ampicillin has been most thoroughly studied in regard to placental transfer.\nBoth during the first\/second trimester and at term, fetal drug levels rose slowly to\nreach values similar to those in the maternal circulation 1-3 h after maternal drug administration;\nthereafter, fetal drug levels exceeded corresponding maternal values. Amniotic\nfluid levels were low during early gestational periods; during late gestation these levels\nwere significant and even exceeded corresponding maternal values 6-8 h after drug\nadministration. Slow exchange rates and fetal micturation may be responsible for the\nelevated ampicillin levels during late gestation. Administration via the intramuscular\n(recommended with 0.5 g every 4-6 h) or intravenous routes, but not by the oral route,\nresulted in adequate drug levels. Because of increased plasma clearance of ampicillin\nduring pregnancy, a dose increase in pregnant patients may be necessary to obtain adequate\ndrug levels. Amoxillin and azidocillin have been suggested to give effective drug\nlevels even after oral administration, except during labor. The fetal levels of epicillin and\nbenzylpenicillin (Penicillin G) were lower than the corresponding maternal values;\namniotic fluid concentrations of these two drugs were elevated during late, but very low\nduring early gestation, similar to the situation with ampicillin. Methicillin and sulbenicillin\nwere effectively transfered across the placenta (similar to ampicillin), while dicloxacillin\nwas not. The low concentrations of dicloxacillin in the fetus and amniotic fluid may be\nthe results of extensive protein binding (&gt;90%) of this drug in maternal blood. Other\nhighly bound penicillins such as cloxacillin and flucloxacillin have not yet been investigated\nin regard to placental transfer. Excretion of penicillins in human milk was usually\nvery limited. Following therapeutic doses, the mean milk concentrations were 0.1-0.6\npg\/ml for amoxicillin, 0.1-0.2 pg\/ml for epicillin, about 0.5 pg\/ml for sulbactam, 2-2.5\npg\/ml for ticarcillin, and 0.1-0.4 pg\/ml for aztreonam.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000457744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]],"date-time":"2017-08-11T17:08:57Z","timestamp":1502471337000},"page":"174-198","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Clinical Pharmacokinetics in Pregnancy and\nPerinatology"],"prefix":"10.1159","author":[{"given":"Heinz","family":"Nau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]]},"container-title":["Developmental Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1159\/000457744","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T09:09:38Z","timestamp":1777540178000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000457744"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000457744","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0379-8305","2504-2505"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-8305","type":"print"},{"value":"2504-2505","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]]}}}