{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T15:46:41Z","timestamp":1791042401981,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]],"date-time":"2017-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]],"date-time":"2017-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502409600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Enzyme"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Elevated levels of serum enzymes are frequently associated not only with alcohol-\nrelated organ damage but also with excessive alcohol consumption and alcoholism without\nsignificant tissue injury. However, both in the early detection of alcoholism as well as\nalso in the diagnosis of alcohol-related diseases the sensitivities and specificities of these\nenzyme markers vary considerably. They may be influenced by nonalcohol-related diseases,\nenzyme-inducing drugs, nutritional factors, metabolic disorders, age, smoking, etc. Consequently,\nwe have neither a single laboratory test - enzyme marker - nor a test combination\nthat is reliable enough for the exact diagnosis between alcohol- and nonalcohol-related organ\ndamage.\nIn most cases it is possible to determine the tissue from which the elevated enzyme is\nderived, but only occasionally enzyme changes reflect the quantity of the tissue injury.\nGamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is the most widely used laboratory marker of alcoholism\nand heavy drinking, detecting 34-85% of problem drinkers and alcoholics. However, the\nunspecificity of increased serum GGT limits its use for general screening purposes. Its value\nin the follow-up of various treatment programs, however, is well established.\nAn elevated level of serum aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and alanine aminotransferase\n(ALAT) in an alcoholic or a heavy consumer indicates alcohol-induced organ damage.\nThe use of test combinations significantly improves the information received with single\nserum enzyme determinations. An ASAT\/ALAT ratio greater than 1.5 can be considered as\nhighly suggestive for the alcoholic etiology of the liver injury. Still better discrimination\nbetween alcoholic and nonalcoholic origin of the liver disease may be achieved by the determination\nof the ratio of GGT to alkaline phosphatase. If this ratio exceeds 1.4 the specificity\nof the finding in favor for alcoholic liver injury is 78%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000469243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]],"date-time":"2017-08-11T17:22:19Z","timestamp":1502472139000},"page":"87-107","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Use of Enzymes for the Diagnosis of Alcohol-Related\nOrgan Damage"],"prefix":"10.1159","author":[{"given":"Mikko","family":"Salaspuro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]]},"container-title":["Enzyme"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1159\/000469243","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T12:47:45Z","timestamp":1777553265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000469243"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000469243","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9432","2504-2564"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9432","type":"print"},{"value":"2504-2564","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]]}}}