{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T11:46:30Z","timestamp":1767008790590,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microb Physiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinosyns are a group of macrolide insecticides produced by &lt;i&gt;Saccharopolyspora spinosa&lt;\/i&gt;. Although &lt;i&gt;S. spinosa&lt;\/i&gt; can be used for industrial-scale production of spinosyns, this might suffer from several limitations, mainly related to its long growth cycle, low fermentation biomass, and inefficient utilization of starch. It is crucial to generate a robust strain for further spinosyn production and the development of spinosyn derivatives. A BAC vector, containing the whole biosynthetic gene cluster for spinosyn (74 kb) and the elements required for conjugal transfer and site-specific integration, was introduced into different &lt;i&gt;Streptomyces&lt;\/i&gt; hosts in order to obtain heterologous spinosyn-producing strains. The exconjugants of different &lt;i&gt;Streptomyces&lt;\/i&gt; strains did not show spinosyn production unless the rhamnose biosynthesis genes from &lt;i&gt;S. spinosa&lt;\/i&gt; genomic DNA were present and expressed under the control of a strong constitutive &lt;i&gt;ermE&lt;\/i&gt;*&lt;i&gt;p&lt;\/i&gt; promoter. Using this heterologous expression system resulted in yields of 1 \u03bcg\/mL and 1.5 \u03bcg\/mL spinosyns in &lt;i&gt;Streptomyces coelicolor&lt;\/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Streptomyces lividans&lt;\/i&gt;, respectively. This report demonstrates spinosyn production in 2 &lt;i&gt;Streptomyces&lt;\/i&gt; strains and stresses the essential role of rhamnose in this process. This work also provides a potential alternative route for producing spinosyn analogs by means of genetic manipulation in the heterologous hosts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000477543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,18]],"date-time":"2017-08-18T21:01:45Z","timestamp":1503090105000},"page":"190-198","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Heterologous Expression of Spinosyn Biosynthetic Gene Cluster in &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Streptomyces&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Species Is Dependent on the Expression of Rhamnose Biosynthesis 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