{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T07:33:26Z","timestamp":1776929606579,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Arch Allergy Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"abstract":"<b><i>Background:<\/i><\/b> Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) is an inflammatory disease associated with lymphoid aggregates and local IgE production related to <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i> enterotoxins. T-follicular helper cells and their effector cytokine interleukin (IL)-21 play an important role in germinal center proliferation. <b><i>Methods:<\/i><\/b> IL-21 was determined on the mRNA level by qPCR in nasal tissue of 3 groups of patients: control (<i>n<\/i> = 17), chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyposis (CRSsNP; <i>n<\/i> = 23), and CRSwNP (<i>n<\/i> = 35). The expression of IL-21 by CD4+ T cells was analyzed in tissue at baseline and after 24-h stimulation of tissue fragments with <i>S. aureus<\/i> enterotoxin B (SEB) using flow cytometry. Finally, human nasal IL-21+CXCR5+CD4+ T cells were isolated and coincubated with human blood naive B cells to investigate their functionality. <b><i>Results:<\/i><\/b> IL-21 mRNA expression was increased in the CRSwNP group (<i>p<\/i> < 0.05) compared to the control group, and B-cell lymphoma-6 and B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 were upregulated in CRSwNP versus CRSsNP. Furthermore, SEB was able to increase IL-21 mRNA expression significantly (<i>p<\/i> < 0.01) in nasal polyps. Flow cytometry revealed that the source of IL-21 was predominantly CD4+ T cells and that IL-21+CD4+ T cells were significantly increased in polyp tissue and further increased after SEB stimulation. Finally, tissue CXCR5+CD4+ T cells derived from nasal polyp tissue were able to induce maturation of human naive B cells. <b><i>Conclusions:<\/i><\/b> IL-21- and IL-21-producing CD4+ T cells were increased in CRSwNP. In addition, SEB induced an increase in IL-21 and IL-21+CD4+ T cells, suggesting that <i>S. aureus<\/i> can modulate the function of Tfh cells in nasal polyps. We speculate that T-follicular helper cells and IL-21 are important in the pathophysiology of CRSwNP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000481435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,8]],"date-time":"2017-11-08T22:01:22Z","timestamp":1510178482000},"page":"161-169","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["IL-21 Is Increased in Nasal Polyposis and after Stimulation with <b><i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i><\/b> Enterotoxin B"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"174","author":[{"given":"Lien","family":"Calus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Derycke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Dullaers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thibaut","family":"Van Zele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"De Ruyck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudina","family":"P\u00e9rez-Novo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Holtappels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geert","family":"De Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bart N.","family":"Lambrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claus","family":"Bachert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Gevaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,9]]},"container-title":["International Archives of Allergy and Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/481435","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/481435","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T17:01:53Z","timestamp":1745427713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000481435"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000481435","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-2438","1423-0097"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-2438","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0097","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}}}