{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T16:48:38Z","timestamp":1785257318289,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"abstract":"<b><i>Purpose:<\/i><\/b> To examine whether ultra-widefield (UWF) retinal imaging can identify biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and its progression. <b><i>Methods:<\/i><\/b> Images were taken using a UWF scanning laser ophthalmoscope (Optos P200C AF) to determine phenotypic variations in 59 patients with AD and 48 healthy controls at baseline (BL). All living participants were invited for a follow-up (FU) after 2 years and imaged again (if still able to participate). All participants had blood taken for genotyping at BL. Images were graded for the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration-like pathologies and retinal vascular parameters. Comparison between AD patients and controls was made using the Student <i>t<\/i> test and the \u03c7<sup>2<\/sup> test. <b><i>Results:<\/i><\/b> Analysis at BL revealed a significantly higher prevalence of a hard drusen phenotype in the periphery of AD patients (14\/55; 25.4%) compared to controls (2\/48; 4.2%) [\u03c7<sup>2<\/sup> = 9.9, df = 4, <i>p<\/i> = 0.04]. A markedly increased drusen number was observed at the 2-year FU in patients with AD compared to controls. There was a significant increase in venular width gradient at BL (zone C: 8.425 \u00d7 10<sup>\u20133<\/sup> \u00b1 2.865 \u00d7 10<sup>\u20133<\/sup> vs. 6.375 \u00d7 10<sup>\u20133<\/sup> \u00b1 1.532 \u00d7 10<sup>\u20133<\/sup>, <i>p<\/i> = 0.008; entire image: 8.235 \u00d7 10<sup>\u20133<\/sup> \u00b1 2.839 \u00d7 10<sup>\u20133<\/sup> vs. 6.050 \u00d7 10<sup>\u20133<\/sup> \u00b1 1.414 \u00d7 10<sup>\u20133<\/sup>, <i>p<\/i> = 0.004) and a significant decrease in arterial fractal dimension in AD at BL (entire image: 1.250 \u00b1 0.086 vs. 1.304 \u00b1 0.089, <i>p<\/i> = 0<b><i>.<\/i><\/b>049) with a trend for both at FU. <b><i>Conclusions:<\/i><\/b> UWF retinal imaging revealed a significant association between AD and peripheral hard drusen formation and changes to the vasculature beyond the posterior pole, at BL<sub><\/sub> and after clinical progression over 2 years, suggesting that monitoring pathological changes in the peripheral retina might become a valuable tool in AD monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000487053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,5]],"date-time":"2018-04-05T21:54:51Z","timestamp":1522965291000},"page":"182-192","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Peripheral Retinal Imaging Biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Pilot 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