{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T22:14:38Z","timestamp":1790374478261,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Nephrol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"abstract":"<b><i>Background:<\/i><\/b> While the etiology of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (idiopathic nephrotic syndrome [INS]; characterized by repeated relapses and comorbid allergic conditions) remains unknown, recent evidence suggests that dysfunction in regulatory T cells (Tregs) plays an important role in the development of INS as well as allergic diseases. We hypothesized that dysbiosis involving decreased butyric acid-producing gut microbiota leads to defective induction and differentiation of peripherally induced Tregs, resulting in INS relapse. <b><i>Methods:<\/i><\/b> Study subjects were 12 children with INS, 8 classified as relapsing (R group; median age: 3.0 years) and 4 as non-relapsing (NR group; median age: 4.3 years), and 11 healthy children (HC group; median age: 5.1 years) serving as normal controls. Measurement of microbiota was performed using 16S ribosomal RNA metagenomic analysis, and fecal butyric acid was measured using high performance liquid chromatography. Flow-cytometric analysis of Tregs and CD4-positive (CD4<sup>+<\/sup>) cells in peripheral blood was also performed. <b><i>Results:<\/i><\/b> Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiota using feces showed that the proportion of butyric acid-producing bacteria was significantly lower in R (median 6.36%) than HC (median 18.84%; <i>p<\/i> = 0.0013), but no different between NR (median 16.71%) and HC (<i>p<\/i> = 0.29). Fecal organic acid analysis revealed significantly lower butyric acid quantities in R than HC (medians: 0.48 vs. 0.99 mg\/g, <i>p<\/i> = 0.042). Circulating Tregs as a proportion of CD4<sup>+<\/sup> cells were decreased in 75% of R and NR. <b><i>Conclusion:<\/i><\/b> Pediatric relapsing INS patients show gut microbiota dysbiosis, characterized by a decreased proportion of butyric acid-producing bacteria and lower fecal butyric acid quantities, concomitant with reduced circulatory Tregs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000487557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]],"date-time":"2018-03-13T22:03:16Z","timestamp":1520978596000},"page":"164-170","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Children with Relapsing Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Shoji","family":"Tsuji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chikushi","family":"Suruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaki","family":"Hashiyada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahisa","family":"Kimata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohsaku","family":"Yamanouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Kitao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiro","family":"Kino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Akane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazunari","family":"Kaneko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]]},"container-title":["American Journal of Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/487557","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/487557","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T16:44:21Z","timestamp":1745426661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000487557"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000487557","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0250-8095","1421-9670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0250-8095","type":"print"},{"value":"1421-9670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}}}