{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T09:38:31Z","timestamp":1772789911083,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]],"date-time":"2018-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]],"date-time":"2018-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold><jats:italic>Aim:<\/jats:italic><\/jats:bold>This paper presents the auditory and acoustic investigations of pharyngeal consonants in Iraqi Arabic (IA). While the contested place and manner of articulation of these sounds have been the subject of investigation in many studies, the focus here is novel: we set out to investigate the extent to which pharyngeals in IA are accompanied by auditory nasalisation and how widespread the effect is across oral and nasal contexts.<jats:bold><jats:italic>Methods:<\/jats:italic><\/jats:bold>Auditory and acoustic properties of nasalization, as produced by nine male speakers of IA, were investigated in target words with oral, nasal, and pharyngeal environments.<jats:bold><jats:italic>Results:<\/jats:italic><\/jats:bold>When combined with oral consonants, pharyngeals exhibit little or no nasalisation; however, when pharyngeal are combined with nasals, they exhibit various degrees of nasalisation, sometimes beyond what is found for a nasal environment alone. This is especially so for voiced pharyngeals, which display more nasalisation than their voiceless counterparts. A principle component analysis combining all the acoustic correlates examined demonstrates a definite contribution of pharyngeals to the presence of nasalisation.<jats:bold><jats:italic>Conclusion:<\/jats:italic><\/jats:bold>The epilaryngeal constriction and variability in the articulation of pharyngeals are thought to be responsible for the nasalisation effect and may act as potential drivers for sound change in IA pharyngeals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000487806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]],"date-time":"2018-07-02T21:02:13Z","timestamp":1530565333000},"page":"310-348","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Nasalisation in the Production of Iraqi Arabic Pharyngeals"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Ghada","family":"Khattab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jalal","family":"Al-Tamimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wasan","family":"Alsiraih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_001_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ab1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agresti A (2002): Categorical data ana lysis (second edition). New York, John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471249688"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_002_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ab2Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Ani SH (1970): Arabic Phonology: An Acoustical and Physiological Investigation. Berlin and New York, Mouton De Gruyter.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110878769"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_003_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ab3Aa","unstructured":"Alsiraih W (2013): Voice Quality Features in the Production of Iraqi Arabic Speakers. PhD Thesis, Newcastle University."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_004_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ab4Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Tamimi J (2017): Revisiting acoustic correlates of pharyngealization in Jordanian and Moroccan Arabic: implications for formal representations. J Assoc Lab Phonol 8:1-40.10.5334\/labphon.19","DOI":"10.5334\/labphon.19"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_005_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ab5Aa","unstructured":"Al-Tamimi J, Khattab G (2011): Multiple cues for the singleton-geminate contrast in Lebanese Arabic: acoustic investigation of stops and fricatives, 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS), Hong Kong (17-21 August), pp 212-215."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_006_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ab6Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Tamimi J, Khattab G (2015): Acoustic cue weighting in the singleton vs geminate contrast in Lebanese Arabic: the case of fricative consonants. J Acoust Soc Am 138:344-360.10.1121\/1.492251426233034","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4922514"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_007_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ab7Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amino N, Osanai T (2012): Speaker characteristics that appear in vowel nasalisation and their change over time. Acoust Soc Japan 33:96-105.10.1250\/ast.33.96","DOI":"10.1250\/ast.33.96"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_008_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ab8Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartko JJ (1966): The intraclass correlation coefficient as a measure of reliability. Psychol Rep 19:3-11.10.2466\/pr0.1966.19.1.35942109","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1966.19.1.3"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_009_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ab9Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B, Walker S (2015): Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. J Stat Software 67:1-48.10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_010_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac10Aa","unstructured":"Beck J (2005): Perceptual analysis of voice quality: the place of Vocal Profile Analysis; in Hardcastle WJ, Mackenzie J (eds): A Figure of Speech: a Festchrift for John Laver. London, Laurence Erlbaum, pp 285-322."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_011_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac11Aa","unstructured":"Beddor PS (1983): Phonological and Phonetic Effects of Nasalization on Vowel Height. Indiana, Indiana University Press."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_012_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac12Aa","unstructured":"Beddor PS (2007): Nasal consonants and nasalisation: the relation between segmental and coarticulatory timing, 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS), Saarbrucken (6-10 August), pp 249-254."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_013_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac13Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beddor PS, Krakow RA (1999): Perception of coarticulatory nasalization by speakers of English and Thai: evidence for partial compensation. J Acoust Soc Am 106:pp 2868-2887.10.1121\/1.42811110573902","DOI":"10.1121\/1.428111"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_014_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac14Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bell-Berti F (1993): Understanding velic motor control: studies of segmental context; in Huffman MK, Krakow RA (eds): Nasals, Nasalization, and the Velum, pp 63-85.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-360380-7.50007-7"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_015_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac15Aa","unstructured":"Bellem A (2007): Towards a Comparative Typology of Emphatics: Across Semitic and into Arabic Dialect Phonology. PhD Thesis, University of London, School of Oriental and Arabic Studies."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_016_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac16Aa","unstructured":"Berger MA (2007): Measurement of Vowel Nasalization by Multi-Dimensional Acoustic Analysis. M.A. Thesis, University of Rochester."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_017_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac17Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blust R (1997): Nasals and nasalization in Borneo. Oceanic Linguist 36:149-179.","DOI":"10.2307\/3623074"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_018_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac18Aa","unstructured":"Botma ED (2004): Phonological aspects of nasality: an element-based dependency approach. PhD Thesis, University of Amsterdam."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_019_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac19Aa","unstructured":"Boersma P, Weenink D (2017): Praat: doing phonetics by computer (Version 6.0.23) [Computer program]. http:\/\/www.praat.org\/ (accessed January 24, 2017)."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_020_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac20Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butcher A, Ahmad K (1987): Some acoustic and aerodynamic characteristics of pharyngeal consonants in Iraqi Arabic. Phonetica 44:156-172.10.1159\/0002617923452835","DOI":"10.1159\/000261792"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_021_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac21Aa","unstructured":"Catford JC (1977): Fundamental Problems in Phonetics. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_022_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac22Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicchetti DV (1994): Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychol Assess 6:284-290.10.1037\/1040-3590.6.4.284","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.6.4.284"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_023_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac23Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen MY (1995): Acoustic parameters of nasalised vowels in hearing-impaired and normal-hearing speakers. J Acoust Soc Am 98:2443-2453.10.1121\/1.4143997593928","DOI":"10.1121\/1.414399"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_024_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac24Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen MY (1997): Acoustic correlates of English and French nasalised vowels. J Acoust Soc Am 102:2360-2370.10.1121\/1.4196209348695","DOI":"10.1121\/1.419620"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_025_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac25Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen MY (2000): Acoustic analysis of simple vowels preceding a nasal in Standard Chinese. J Phon 28:43-67.10.006\/jpho.2000.0106","DOI":"10.1006\/jpho.2000.0106"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_026_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac26Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen MY, Stevens KN, Kuo HK J, Chen H (2000): Contributions of the study of disordered speech to speech production models. J Phon 28:303-312.10.1006\/jpho.2000.0117","DOI":"10.1006\/jpho.2000.0117"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_027_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac27Aa","unstructured":"Chen NF, Slifka JL, Stevens KN (2007): Vowel nasalisation in American English: acoustic variability due to phonetic context, 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS), Saarbrucken (6-10 August), pp 905-908."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_028_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac28Aa","unstructured":"Clumeck H (1975): A cross-linguistic investigation of vowel nasalisation: an instrumental study; in Ferguson CA, Hyman LM, Ohala JJ (eds): Nasalfest: Papers from a Symposium on Nasals and Nasalization. USA, Stanford University, pp 133-152."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_029_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac29Aa","unstructured":"Cohen J (1988): Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences, ed 2. Routledge Academic."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_030_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac30Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohn AC (1993): Nasalisation in English: phonology or phonetics. Phonology 10:43-81.10.1017\/S0952675700001731","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952675700001731"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_031_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac31Aa","unstructured":"Christensen RHB (2015): Ordinal - Regression Models for Ordinal Data. R package version 2015.6-28. http:\/\/www.cran.r-project.org\/package=ordinal\/."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_032_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac32Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delattre P (1971): Pharyngeal features in the consonants of Arabic, German, Spanish, French and American English. Phonetica 23:129-155.10.1159\/000259336","DOI":"10.1159\/000259336"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_033_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac33Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dixit RP, Bell-Berti F, Harris KS (1987): Palatoglossus activity during nasal\/nonnasal vowels of Hindi. Phonetica 44:210-226.10.1159\/0002617993505355","DOI":"10.1159\/000261799"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_034_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac34Aa","unstructured":"Edmondson JA, Esling JH, Harris JG, Huang T (2005): A laryngoscopic study of glottal and epiglottal\/pharyngeal stop and continuant articulations in amis - an Austronesian language of Taiwan. Lang Linguist 6:381-396."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_035_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac35Aa","unstructured":"Edmondson JA, Padayodi CM, Hassan ZM, Esling JH (2007): The laryngeal articulator: source and resonator', 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Saarbrucken (6-10 August), pp 2065-2068."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_036_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac36Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epstein MA (2002): Voice Quality and Prosody in English. PhD Thesis, University of California.","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4778607"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_037_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac37Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esling JH (1999): The IPA Categories \u201cPharyngeal\u201d and \u201cEpiglottal\u201d: laryngoscopic observations of pharyngeal articulations and larynx height. Lang Speech 42:349-372.10.1177\/0023830999042004010110845242","DOI":"10.1177\/00238309990420040101"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_038_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac38Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esling JH (2005): There are no back vowels: the Laryngeal Articulator Model. Can J Linguist 50:13-44.10.1017\/S0008413100003650","DOI":"10.1353\/cjl.2007.0007"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_039_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac39Aa","unstructured":"Fry DB (1979): The Physics of Speech. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_040_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac40Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujimura O, Lindqvist J (1971): Sweep-tone measurements of vocal-tract characteristics. J Acoust Soc Am 49(part 2):541-558.10.1121\/1.19123855541748","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1912385"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_041_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac41Aa","unstructured":"Gamer M, Lemon J, Singh IFP (2012): IRR: Various Coefficients of Interrater Reliability and Agreement. R package version 0.84. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=irr."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_042_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac42Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garellek M (2012): The timing and sequencing of coarticulated non-modal phonation in English and White Hmong. J Phon 40:152-161.10.1016\/j.wocn.2011.10.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2011.10.003"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_043_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac43Aa","unstructured":"Ghazeli S (1977): Back Consonants and Backing Coarticulation in Arabic. PhD Thesis, University of Texas."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_044_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac44Aa","unstructured":"Glass JR, Zue VW (1985): Detection of Nasalised Vowels in American English. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), pp 1569-1572."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_045_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac45Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hallgren KA (2012): Computing inter-rater reliability for observational data: an overview and tutorial. Tutor Quant Methods Psychol 8:23-34.22833776","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.08.1.p023"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_046_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac46Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanson HM (1996): Glottal characteristics of female speakers: acoustic correlates. J Acoust Soc Am 101:466-481.10.1121\/1.417991","DOI":"10.1121\/1.417991"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_047_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac47Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanson HM, Chuang ES (1999): Glottal characteristics of male speakers: acoustic correlates and comparison with female data. J Acoust Soc Am 106:1064-1077.10.1121\/1.42711610462811","DOI":"10.1121\/1.427116"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_048_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac48Aa","unstructured":"Hassan ZM, Heselwood B (eds): Instrumental Studies in Arabic Phonetics. Amsterdam, John Benjamins Publishing Company."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_049_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac49Aa","unstructured":"Hassan ZM, Esling JH, Moisik SR, Crevier-Buchman L (2011): Aryepiglottal trilled variants of \/\u0295, \u0127\/ in Iraqi Arabic, 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS), Hong Kong (17-21 August), pp 831-834."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_050_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac50Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hawkins S, Stevens KN (1985): Acoustic and perceptual correlates of the non-nasal - nasal distinction for vowels. J Acoust Soc Am 77:1560-1575.10.1121\/1.3919993989111","DOI":"10.1121\/1.391999"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_051_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac51Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heselwood B (2007): The \u2018tight approximant' variant of the Arabic \u2018ayn'. J Int Phon Assoc 37:1-32.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025100306002787"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_052_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac52Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heselwood B, Al-Tamimi F (2011): A study of the laryngeal and pharyngeal consonants in Jordanian Arabic using nasoendoscopy, videofluoroscopy and spectrography; in Hassan ZM, Heselwood B (eds): Instrumental Studies in Arabic Phonetics. Amsterdam, John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp 101-128.","DOI":"10.1075\/cilt.319.05hes"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_053_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac53Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hetzron R (1969): Two notes on Semitic laryngeals in East Gurage. Phonetics 19:69-81.10.1159\/000258618","DOI":"10.1159\/000258618"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_054_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac54Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"House AS, Stevens KN (1956): Analog studies of the nasalization of vowels. J Speech Hear Disord 21:218-232.10.1044\/jshd.2102.21813320522","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.2102.218"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_055_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac55Aa","unstructured":"Hyman LM (1972): Nasals and nasalization in Kwa. Stud Afr Linguist 3:167-205."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_056_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac56Aa","unstructured":"Ingham B (1982): North East Arabian Dialects. Boston and London, K. Paul International."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_057_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac57Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iseli M, Shue YL, Alwan A (2007): Age, sex, and vowel dependencies of acoustic measures related to the voice source. J Acoust Soc Am 121:2283-2295.10.1121\/1.269752217471742","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2697522"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_058_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac58Aa","unstructured":"Kawasaki H (1986): Phonetic explanation for phonological universals: the case of distinctive vowel nasalization; in Ohala JJ, Jaeger JJ (eds): Experimental Phonology. Cambridge, MIT Press, pp 81-103."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_059_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac59Aa","unstructured":"Keating PA, Esposito C (2007): Linguistic voice quality. University of California Los Angeles Working Papers in Phonetics, 105:85-91."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_060_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac60Aa","unstructured":"Kent RD, Read C (1992): The Acoustic Analysis of Speech. San Diego, Singular Publishing Group, Inc."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_061_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac61Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klatt DH, Klatt LC (1990): Analysis, synthesis, and perception of voice quality variations among female and male talkers. J Acoust Soc Am 87:820-857.10.1121\/1.3988942137837","DOI":"10.1121\/1.398894"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_062_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac62Aa","unstructured":"Kuang J, Keating P (2012): Glottal articulations of phonation contrasts and their acoustic and perceptual consequences. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, 111:123-161. http:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/0n76t3hn."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_063_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac63Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuznetsova A, Brockhoff PB, Christensen RHB (2016): lmerTest: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models. R package version 2.0-32. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=lmerTest.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_064_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac64Aa","unstructured":"Ladefoged P (2003): Phonetic Data Analysis: An Introduction to Fieldwork and Instrumental Techniques. Malden, MA, USA, Blackwell Pub."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_065_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac65Aa","unstructured":"Laradi WJ (1983): Pharyngealization in Libyan (Tripoli) Arabic: An Instrumental Study PhD Thesis, University of Edinburgh."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_066_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac66Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laufer A, Condax ID (1979): The epiglottis as an articulator, 9th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Copenhagen, pp 50-56.","DOI":"10.1017\/S002510030000195X"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_067_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac67Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laufer A, Condax ID (1981): The function of the epiglottis in speech. Lang Speech 1(part 1):39-61.10.1177\/0023830981024001037266191","DOI":"10.1177\/002383098102400103"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_068_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac68Aa","unstructured":"Laver J (1980): The Phonetic Description of Voice Quality. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_069_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac69Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laver J (1994): Principles of Phonetics. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139166621"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_070_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac70Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le S, Josse J, Husson F (2008): FactoMineR: An R Package for Multivariate Analysis. J Stat Software 25:1-18.10.18637\/jss.v025.i01","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v025.i01"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_071_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac71Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenth RV (2016): Least-Squares Means: The R Package lsmeans. J Stat Software 69:1-33.10.18637\/jss.v069.i01","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v069.i01"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_072_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac72Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ligges U, M\u00e4chler M (2003): Scatterplot3d - an R Package for Visualizing Multivariate Data. J Stat Software 8:1-20.10.18637\/jss.v008.i11","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v008.i11"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_073_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac73Aa","unstructured":"McCarthy RJ, Raffouli F (1964): Spoken Arabic of Baghdad: Anthology of Texts. Beirut, Librairie Orientale."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_074_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac74Aa","unstructured":"MacCurtain F (1981): Pharyngeal Factors Influencing Voice Quality. PhD Thesis, University of London."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_075_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac75Aa","unstructured":"Maeda S (1982): The Role of the Sinus Cavities in the Production of Nasal Vowels, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers International Conference (IEEE) on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). Paris, France, pp 911-914."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_076_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac76Aa","unstructured":"Mahdi QR (1985): The Spoken Arabic of Basrah, Iraq: A Descriptive Study of Phonology, Morphology and Syntax. PhD Thesis, University of Exeter."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_077_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac77Aa","unstructured":"Matisoff JA (1975): Rhinoglottophilia: the mysterious connection between nasality and glottality; In Ferguson C, Hyman LH, Ohala JJ (eds): Nasalfest: Papers from a Symposioum on Nasals and Nasalisation. University of Stanford, pp 265-287."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_078_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac78Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obrecht DH (1968): Effects of the Second Formant on the Perception of Velarization Consonants in Arabic. Berlin and New York, Mouton De Gruyter.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783111357393"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_079_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac79Aa","unstructured":"Ohala JJ (1975): Phonetic explanations for nasal sound patterns; in Ferguson CA, Hyman LM Ohala JJ (eds): Nasalfest: Papers from a Symposium on Nasals and Nasalization. University of Stanford, pp 289-316."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_080_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac80Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohala JJ, Ohala M (1993): The phonetics of nasal phonology: theorems and data. Phon Phonol 5(Nasals, Nasalization, and the Velum):225-249.10.1016\/B978-0-12-360380-7.50013-2","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-360380-7.50013-2"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_081_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac81Aa","unstructured":"Rabin C (1951): Ancient West-Arabian. London, Taylor's Foreign Press."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_082_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac82Aa","unstructured":"R Core Team (2016): R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_083_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac83Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sampson R (1999): Nasal Vowel Evolution in Romance. Oxford, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198238485.001.0001"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_084_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac84Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevens KN (2000): Acoustic Phonetics. Cambridge, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1072.001.0001"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_085_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac85Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trittin PJ, de Santos y Ll\u00e9o A (1995): Voice quality analysis of male and female Spanish speakers. Speech Commun 16:359-368.10.1016\/0167-6393(95)00004-8","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(95)00004-8"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_086_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac86Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham H: ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. New York, Springer-Verlag, 2009.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-98141-3"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_087_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac87Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeou M, Maeda S (2011): Airflow and acoustic modelling of pharyngeal and uvular consonants in Moroccan Arabic; in Hassan Z, Heselwood B (eds): Instrumental Studies in Arabic Phonetics. Amsterdam, John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp 141-164.","DOI":"10.1075\/cilt.319.07yeo"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_088_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac88Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Younes M (1993): Emphasis spread in two Arabic dialects; in Eid M, Holes C (eds): Perspectives on Arabic linguistics V. Amsterdam, John Benjamins, pp 119-145.","DOI":"10.1075\/cilt.101.08you"},{"key":"2021062305175684555_j_000487806_ref_089_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac89Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeroual C, Esling JH, Crevier-Buchman L (2008): The Contribution of Supraglottic Laryngeal Adjustments to Voice: Phonetic Evidence from Arabic. Logoped Phoniatr Vocol 33:3-11.10.1080\/1401543060057625318344140","DOI":"10.1080\/14015430600576253"}],"container-title":["Phonetica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/487806","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1159\/000487806\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1159\/000487806\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,7]],"date-time":"2024-07-07T22:08:58Z","timestamp":1720390138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1159\/000487806\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1159\/000487806"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000487806","relation":{},"ISSN":["1423-0321","0031-8388"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1423-0321","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0031-8388","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]]}}}