{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T06:39:40Z","timestamp":1789886380734,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell Physiol Biochem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Aims: This study aimed to evaluate whether galectin-3 (Gal-3) contributes actively to atrial fibrosis both in patients and experimental atrial fibrillation (AF) models. Methods: Mouse HL-1 cardiomyocytes were subjected to rapid electrical stimulation (RES) to explore Gal-3 expression and secretion levels by western blotting (WB) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts were treated with conditioned culture medium and recombinant human Gal-3 to evaluate the activation of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b21\/\u03b1-smooth muscle actin (SMA)\/collagen I (Col I) profibrotic pathway (WB) and fibroblast proliferation with a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). Furthermore, in the rapid atrial pacing (RAP) rabbit AF model, atrial Gal-3 expression and its effects on the profibrotic pathway were evaluated (WB and Masson\u2019s trichrome staining). Moreover, 44 consecutive patients who underwent single mitral valve repair\/replacement were included, consisting of 28 patients with persistent AF (PeAF) and 16 with sinus rhythm (SR). Coronary sinus blood was also sampled to test circulating Gal-3 levels (ELISA), and atrial myocardium Gal-3 and its downstream TGF-\u03b21\/\u03b1-SMA pathway were also measured by WB and immunohistochemical staining. Results: Gal-3 expression in HL-1 cells and its secretion level in culture medium were greatly increased after 24 h RES. Treatment of neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts with conditioned media collected from the RES group or recombinant human Gal-3 protein (10 and 30 \u00b5g\/mL) for 72 h induced the activation of the TGF-\u03b21\/\u03b1-SMA\/Col I profibrotic pathway. RAP increased Gal-3 levels and activated the TGF-\u03b21\/\u03b1-SMA\/Col I pathway in rabbit left atria, while the Gal-3 inhibitor N-acetyllactosamine, injected at 4.5 mg\/kg every 3 days, mitigated these adverse changes. Furthermore, Gal-3 levels in coronary sinus blood samples and myocardial Gal-3 expression levels were higher in the PeAF patients than in the SR patients, and higher level profibrotic pathway activation was also confirmed. Conclusions: Activation of Gal-3 expression in the atria can subsequently activate the TGF-\u03b21\/\u03b1-SMA\/Col I pathway in cardiac fibroblasts, which may enhance atrial fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000490077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,28]],"date-time":"2018-05-28T21:01:30Z","timestamp":1527541290000},"page":"851-863","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Activation of TGF-\u03b21\/\u03b1-SMA\/Col I Profibrotic Pathway in Fibroblasts by Galectin-3 Contributes to Atrial Fibrosis in Experimental Models and Patients"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Hua","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-feng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-nong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,22]]},"container-title":["Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/490077","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/490077","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T16:35:47Z","timestamp":1745426147000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000490077"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000490077","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1015-8987","1421-9778"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1015-8987","type":"print"},{"value":"1421-9778","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}}}