{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:18:51Z","timestamp":1790666331051,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]],"date-time":"2019-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]],"date-time":"2019-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549324800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Digestion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The importance of microbiota infiltrating the gut mucus layer has been reported in the pathogenesis of various gastrointestinal and systemic diseases. However, little is known about the mucosa-associated microbiota (MAM) in healthy subjects. The present study aimed to clarify the characteristics of the gastrointestinal MAM from the oral cavity to the rectum in healthy Japanese subjects. Methods: Seventeen healthy subjects were enrolled. In this study, 5 mucosa samples from the upper gut (intraoral, mid-esophagus, gastric corpus, gastric antrum, and duodenum) and 7 from the lower gut (ileum, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum) were collected with a brush under endoscopic examination. MAM profiles of each sample were analyzed by 16S-rRNA V3-V4 gene sequences. Results: Collecting mucosa samples by brushing provided sufficient material for MAM profiling without causing adverse effects. The upper and lower gut MAM profiles differed significantly (p\u00a0&lt; 0.0001). In the upper and lower gut, the intra- and inter-individual MAM profiles were significantly different (p\u00a0= 0.0008 and p\u00a0&lt; 0.0001 respectively). Conclusions: The MAM profiles of the upper and lower gut were significantly different. The inter-individual differences in MAM were remarkable compared to the intra-individual differences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000496102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]],"date-time":"2019-02-05T22:01:17Z","timestamp":1549404077000},"page":"107-120","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Mucosa-Associated Microbiota in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Healthy Japanese Subjects"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Saori","family":"Kashiwagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Naito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohisa","family":"Takagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutaka","family":"Inada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akifumi","family":"Fukui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Katada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsura","family":"Mizushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Kamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiko","family":"Uchiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2228-0405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osamu","family":"Handa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshito","family":"Itoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]},"container-title":["Digestion"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/dig\/article-pdf\/101\/2\/107\/4027642\/000496102.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/dig\/article-pdf\/101\/2\/107\/4027642\/000496102.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T17:21:10Z","timestamp":1745428870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000496102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000496102","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-2823","1421-9867"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-2823","type":"print"},{"value":"1421-9867","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]}}}