{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T04:43:22Z","timestamp":1764996202326,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Cytologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"abstract":"<b><i>Objectives:<\/i><\/b> The aim of this work was to study the spectrum of epithelial abnormalities on Pap smears of HIV-positive women categorized as per the Bethesda System of Reporting Cervical Cytology, to correlate them with CD4 lymphocyte counts, and to compare them with the spectrum of abnormalities seen in a HIV-negative control group. <b><i>Study Design and Methodology:<\/i><\/b> The present study was a 6-year retrospective study conducted in the Department of Pathology at Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, which included 150 Pap smears from HIV-positive and HIV-negative women, respectively. The Pap-stained slides of the cases were retrieved and studied. The data collected were tabulated and analyzed. A statistical study was performed using SPSS software. The \u03c7<sup>2<\/sup> test was used to analyze the data and a <i>p<\/i> value &#x3c; 0.05 was considered to be significant. <b><i>Results:<\/i><\/b> Pap smear abnormalities were twice as high in HIV-infected women (12%) as compared with HIV-negative women (6%; <i>p<\/i> = 0.006, RR = 2). Negative for intraepithelial lesion\/malignancy was the most common finding (88%), which was further subdivided into inflammatory, atrophic smear, non-specific, candidiasis, and bacterial vaginitis groups. The percentage of epithelial abnormalities was 12%, including: atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, 5.55%; atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude HSIL, 16.66%; low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 5.55%; high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), 61.11%, and squamous cell carcinoma, 11.11%. The highest incidence of intraepithelial lesions in HIV-positive females was in the age group of 34\u201349 years. CD4 cell counts fell in the range of 200\u2013500 cells\/mm<sup>3<\/sup> in most of the HIV-positive patients (68.75%), but was not found to be statistically significant. <b><i>Conclusion:<\/i><\/b> Routine Pap smear examination is advocated in women with HIV as the prevalence of epithelial cell abnormalities was found to be 12%, which was twice as high as compared to the HIV-negative control group. Although there was no correlation of epithelial cell abnormalities with CD4 counts, a higher rate of the cases with epithelial abnormalities were observed to have CD4 cell counts of 200\u2013500 cells\/mm<sup>3<\/sup>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000496211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]],"date-time":"2019-02-05T22:01:17Z","timestamp":1549404077000},"page":"50-55","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Study of Pap Smears in HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Women from a Tertiary Care Center in South India"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Kritika","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheryl\u00a0Sarah","family":"Philipose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharada","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Ramapuram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gagandeep","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hema","family":"Kini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chaithra","family":"GV","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deepa","family":"Adiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200106073442306"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69157-5"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-016-0908-9"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1048-891X.2005.15001.x"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31828177d7"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/095646203765371321"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0480-6"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5851.195751"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.178614"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.13111"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6113.S3-004"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200404150-00006"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gore.2017.07.009"}],"container-title":["Acta Cytologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/496211","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/496211","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T17:23:09Z","timestamp":1745428989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000496211"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000496211","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-5547","1938-2650"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0001-5547"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1938-2650"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}}}