{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T12:50:56Z","timestamp":1792759856585,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Respiration"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Tracheobronchial fungal infections (TBFI) cause life-threatening complications in immunocompromised hosts but are rarely reported. Misdiagnosis and delayed antifungal treatment are associated with the high mortality rate of patients with TBFI. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Objectives:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; This study analyzed the bronchoscopic features of TBFI and their roles in the early diagnosis of TBFI. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; The demographic, clinical, radiologic, and bronchoscopic data of 53 patients diagnosed with TBFI in our department during a 15-year period were retrospectively analyzed. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Most of the TBFI patients were male, and mass was the most common radiologic abnormality. Obvious predilection in primary bronchus distributions was observed. 41.9% of the 43 &lt;i&gt;Aspergillus&lt;\/i&gt; tracheobronchitis (AT) patients, 70% of the 10 tracheobronchial mucormycosis (TM) patients, and 100% of the 3 endobronchial cryptococcosis patients had been misdiagnosed as having cancer on bronchoscopy because of the presence of tumor-like lesions. The most common features of AT were bronchial occlusion with a mass or mucosal necrosis, bronchial stenosis with mucosal hyperplasia, or uneven mucosa. The main descriptions of TM were bronchial stenosis or obstruction due to mucosal necrosis, uneven mucosa, or a mass. The endoscopic characteristics of endobronchial cryptococcosis included occlusion due to uneven mucosa or mass, or external compressive stricture. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusion:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Immunocompromised patients and immunocompetent patients with underlying disease displaying tumor-like lesions on bronchoscopy should be differentially diagnosed with cancer. Bronchial biopsy is indispensable for the early diagnosis of TBFI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000496979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,8]],"date-time":"2019-05-08T21:01:02Z","timestamp":1557349262000},"page":"157-164","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Analysis of the Clinical Features of Tracheobronchial Fungal Infections with Tumor-Like Lesions"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Ruoxi","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengping","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruichao","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e31826c2ccf"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1100\/2011\/865239"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000094708"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/324502"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/acb.2004.037"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.01.002"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199101000-00001"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.2.236"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir867"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1295717"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12724"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2012.01.005"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1479972307085637"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.12.1301"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02923.x"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/588660"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000489501"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.1.169"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000183331"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.83.3.585b"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000465527"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.53.1616"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.21.4.g01jl03825"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-200203000-00001"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.50.7.812"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/144.3_Pt_1.552"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0b013e3181cd95da"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.46.6249"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.106.1.284"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000050465"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12112"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000452959"}],"container-title":["Respiration"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/496979","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/496979","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T16:13:48Z","timestamp":1745424828000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000496979"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000496979","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7931","1423-0356"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7931","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0356","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}}}