{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T20:38:58Z","timestamp":1789763938111,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":227,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2464,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Since the discovery of L-thyroxine, the main secretory product of the thyroid gland, and its major metabolite T3, which exerts the majority of thyroid hormone action via ligand-dependent modulation of the function of T3 receptors in nuclei, mitochondria, and other subcellular compartments, various other T4-derived endogenous metabolites have been identified in blood and tissues of humans, animals, and early protochordates. This review addresses major historical milestones and experimental findings resulting in the discovery of the key enzymes of thyroid hormone metabolism, the three selenoprotein deiodinases, as well as the decarboxylases and amine oxidases involved in formation and degradation of recently identified endogenous thyroid hormone metabolites, i.e. 3-iodothyronamine and 3-thyroacetic acid. The concerted action of deiodinases 2 and 3 in regulation of local T3 availability is discussed. Special attention is given to the role of the thyromimetic \u201chot\u201d metabolite 3,5-T2 and the \u201ccool\u201d 3-iodothyronamine, especially after administration of pharmacological doses of these endogenous thyroid hormone metabolites in various animal experimental models. In addition, available information on the biological roles of the two major acetic acid derivatives of thyroid hormones, i.e. Tetrac and Triac, as well as sulfated metabolites of thyroid hormones is reviewed. This review addresses the consequences of the existence of this broad spectrum of endogenous thyroid hormone metabolites, the \u201cthyronome,\u201d beyond the classical thyroid hormone profile comprising T4, T3, and rT3 for appropriate analytical coverage and clinical diagnostics using mass spectrometry versus immunoassays for determination of total and free concentrations of thyroid hormone metabolites in blood and tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000497141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]],"date-time":"2019-05-21T17:01:17Z","timestamp":1558458077000},"page":"115-129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["The Colorful Diversity of Thyroid Hormone Metabolites"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9187-9078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josef","family":"K\u00f6hrle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Institut f\u00fcr Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charit\u00e9 Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK), Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackenzie\n              HW\n            \n          . A Case of Myxoedema Treated with Great Benefit by Feeding with Fresh Thyroid Glands. Br Med J. 1892 Oct 29;2(1661):940-1. PMID: 20753900 PMCID: PMC2421275","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.1661.940"},{"issue":"Juli","key":"2026070712581589500_ref2","first-page":"650","article-title":"Ueber den respiratorischen Gaswechsel unter dem Einfluss der Thyreoidea sowie unter verschiedenen pathologischen Zust\u00e4nden","volume":"29","author":"Magnus-Levy","year":"1895","journal-title":"Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026070712581589500_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.4158\/EP14477.RA","article-title":"HiSTORICAL AND CURRENT PERSPECTIVE IN THE USE OF THYROID EXTRACTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF HYPOTHYROIDISM","volume":"21","author":"Hennessey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr Pract","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1530-891X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref4","article-title":"EJE-17-0947","author":"de Carvalho","year":"1530","journal-title":"RE:view","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0899-1510","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070712581589500_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1159\/000437262","article-title":"Treating Hypothyroidism with Thyroxine\/Triiodothyronine Combination Therapy in Denmark: Following Guidelines or Following Trends?","volume":"4","author":"Michaelsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2235-0640","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref6","article-title":"EJE-17-0645","author":"Wiersinga","year":"1530","journal-title":"RE:view","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0899-1510","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070712581589500_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0530645","article-title":"PITT-RIVERS R. 3:5:3\u2032 -triiodothyronine. 1. Isolation from thyroid gland and synthesis","volume":"53","author":"GROSS J","year":"1953","journal-title":"Biochem J","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0264-6021","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070712581589500_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0530652","article-title":"PITT-RIVERS R. 3:5:3\u2032-triiodothyronine. 2. Physiological activity","volume":"53","author":"GROSS J","year":"1953","journal-title":"Biochem J","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0264-6021","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vella\n              KR\n            , HollenbergAN. The actions of thyroid hormone signaling in the nucleus. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2017 Dec 15;458:127-135. doi: 10.1016\/j.mce.2017.03.001. Review. PMID: 28286327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.03.001"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026070712581589500_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.11.2060","article-title":"Research on iodine deficiency and goiter in the 19th and early 20th centuries","volume":"138","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nutr","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-3166","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"25","key":"2026070712581589500_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1915.02570510018005","article-title":"The Isolation in Crystalline Form of the Compound Containing Iodin, Which Occurs in the Thyroid Its Chemical Nature and Physiologic Activity","volume":"64","author":"Kendall","year":"1915","journal-title":"JAMA","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0098-7484","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070712581589500_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0210169","article-title":"Chemistry of Thyroxine: Constitution and Synthesis of Thyroxine","volume":"21","author":"Harington","year":"1927","journal-title":"Biochem J","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0264-6021","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070712581589500_ref13","first-page":"185","article-title":"Paper partition chromatography with thyroxine and analogues","volume":"10","author":"Hird","year":"1948","journal-title":"Aust J Sci","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0365-3668","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070712581589500_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1952.170.1.81","article-title":"Metabolism of tissues excised from thyroxine-injected rats","volume":"170","author":"Barker","year":"1952","journal-title":"Am J Physiol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9513","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070712581589500_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02277051","article-title":"Feeding experiments on tadpoles. I. The influence of specific organs given as food on growth and differentiation","volume":"35","author":"Gudernatsch","year":"1912","journal-title":"Arch. F. Entwicklungsmech. D. Org."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070712581589500_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106304","article-title":"Conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) in athyreotic human subjects","volume":"49","author":"Braverman","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Clin Invest","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9738","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Binding of selected iodothyronine analogues to receptor sites of isolated rat hepatic nuclei. High Koerner D, Schwartz HL, Surks MI, Oppenheimer JH. correlation between structural requirements for nuclear binding and biological activity. J Biol Chem. 1975 Aug 25;250(16):6417-23. PMID: 16 242","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)41080-6"},{"issue":"4307","key":"2026070712581589500_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1126\/science.196334","article-title":"Thyroid hormone action: the mitochondrial pathway","volume":"197","author":"Sterling","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0036-8075","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.01.054","article-title":"Mitochondrial T3 receptor and targets","volume":"458","author":"Wrutniak-Cabello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0303-7207","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6098","key":"2026070712581589500_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/324635a0","article-title":"The c-erb-A protein is a high-affinity receptor for thyroid hormone","volume":"324","author":"Sap","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-0836","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6098","key":"2026070712581589500_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/324641a0","article-title":"The c-erb-A gene encodes a thyroid hormone receptor","volume":"324","author":"Weinberger","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-0836","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7902-8_9","article-title":"Thyroid Hormones and Derivatives: Endogenous Thyroid Hormones and Their Targets","volume":"1801","author":"K\u00f6hrle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1064-3745","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Louzada\n              RA\n            , CarvalhoDP. Similarities and Differences in the Peripheral Actions of Thyroid Hormones and Their Metabolites. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018 Jul 19;9:394. doi: 10.3389\/fendo.2018.00394. eCollection 2018. Review. PMID: 30072951","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00394"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.02.012","article-title":"Direct and rapid effects of 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (T2)","volume":"458","author":"Moreno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0303-7207","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070712581589500_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1604","article-title":"3,5-Diiodo-L-thyronine (3,5-t2) exerts thyromimetic effects on hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, body composition, and energy metabolism in male diet-induced obese mice","volume":"156","author":"Jonas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0013-7227","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070712581589500_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-13-0502","article-title":"Administration of 3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) causes central hypothyroidism and stimulates thyroid-sensitive tissues","volume":"221","author":"Padron","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-0795","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026070712581589500_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3242","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.8.5333","article-title":"3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine stimulates type 1 5'deiodinase activity in rat anterior pituitaries in vivo and in reaggregate cultures and GH3 cells in vitro","volume":"138","author":"Baur","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0013-7227","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070712581589500_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1051","article-title":"3-Iodothyronamine is an endogenous and rapid-acting derivative of thyroid hormone","volume":"10","author":"Scanlan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1078-8956","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026070712581589500_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4356","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1499","article-title":"Biosynthesis of 3-Iodothyronamine From T4 in Murine Intestinal Tissue","volume":"156","author":"Hoefig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0013-7227","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoefig\n              CS\n            , ZucchiR, K\u00f6hrleJ. Thyronamines and Derivatives: Physiological Relevance, Pharmacological Actions, and Future Research Directions. Thyroid. 2016 Dec;26(12):1656-1673. Review. PMID: 27650974","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0178"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Baumann Ueber das normale Vorkommen von Jod im Thierk\u00f6rper Z Physiol Chem. 1895; 21:319\u201330","DOI":"10.1515\/bchm2.1896.21.4.319"},{"issue":"7422","key":"2026070712581589500_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11525","article-title":"Generation of functional thyroid from embryonic stem cells","volume":"491","author":"Antonica","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-0836","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070712581589500_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2015.09.004","article-title":"Regeneration of Thyroid Function by Transplantation of Differentiated Pluripotent Stem Cells","volume":"17","author":"Kurmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1934-5909","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070712581589500_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2013.2302.ed2","article-title":"Is thyroid transplantation on the distant horizon?","volume":"23","author":"Davies","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thyroid","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1050-7256","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilsson\n              M\n            , FagmanH. Development of the thyroid gland. Development. 2017 Jun 15;144(12):2123-2140. doi: 10.1242\/dev.145615. Review. PMID: 28634271","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.145615"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070712581589500_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1430047","article-title":"The identification of 3,3\u2032, 5,5\u2032,-tetraiodothyroformic acid within the rat liver","volume":"143","author":"Ramsden","year":"1974","journal-title":"Biochem J","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0264-6021","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.01.038","article-title":"Thyroid hormone biosynthesis and release","volume":"458","author":"Carvalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0303-7207","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070712581589500_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-72-4-945","article-title":"Elevated serum diiodotyrosine (DIT) in severe infections and sepsis: DIT, a possible new marker of leukocyte activity","volume":"72","author":"Meinhold","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-972X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070712581589500_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107174","article-title":"Degradation of thyroid hormones by phagocytosing human leukocytes","volume":"52","author":"Klebanoff","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Clin Invest","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9738","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070712581589500_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107795","article-title":"A radioimmunoassay for measurement of 3,3\u2032,5\u2032-triiodothyronine (reverse T3)","volume":"54","author":"Chopra","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Clin Invest","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9738","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6dding\n              R\n            , HeschRD. L-3', 5'-diiodothyronine in human serum. Lancet. 1978 Nov 11;2(8098):1049. PMID: 82062","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)92369-3"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070712581589500_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(78)90028-8","article-title":"Recent developments in thyroid hormone metabolism: interpretation and significance of measurements of reverse T3, 3,3'T2, and thyroglobulin","volume":"27","author":"Burman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Metabolism","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0026-0495","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070712581589500_ref43","first-page":"1505","article-title":"A 3,3\u2032-diiodothyronine sulfate cross-reactive compound in serum from pregnant women","volume":"78","author":"Wu","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-972X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref44","unstructured":"K\u00f6hrle\n              J.\n            \n           Thyroid hormone deiodinases--a selenoenzyme family acting as gate keepers to thyroid hormone action. Acta Med Austriaca. 1996;23(1-2):17-30. Review. PMID: 8767511"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026070712581589500_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4269","DOI":"10.1021\/ja210478k","article-title":"Regioselective deiodination of thyroxine by iodothyronine deiodinase mimics: an unusual mechanistic pathway involving cooperative chalcogen and halogen bonding","volume":"134","author":"Manna","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-7863","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070712581589500_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201405442","article-title":"Halogen bonding controls the regioselectivity of the deiodination of thyroid hormones and their sulfate analogues","volume":"21","author":"Manna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemistry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0947-6539","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"29","key":"2026070712581589500_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10526","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1323873111","article-title":"Crystal structure of mammalian selenocysteine-dependent iodothyronine deiodinase suggests a peroxiredoxin-like catalytic mechanism","volume":"111","author":"Schweizer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-8424","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6hrle\n              J.\n            \n          \n          Iodothyronine deiodinases. Methods Enzymol. 2002;347:125-67. Review. PMID: 11898402 10.1016\/S0076-6879(02)47014-0","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(02)47014-0"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070712581589500_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200905796","article-title":"Modeling of the 5\u2032-deiodination of thyroxine by iodothyronine deiodinase: chemical corroboration of a selenenyl iodide intermediate","volume":"49","author":"Goto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0570-0833","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026070712581589500_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2001-0034","article-title":"Selenium, the thyroid, and the endocrine system","volume":"26","author":"K\u00f6hrle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr Rev","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0163-769X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026070712581589500_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00894-016-3154-2","article-title":"A DFT investigation of a bulky biomimetic model catalyzing the 5\u2032-outer ring deiodination of thyroxine","volume":"22","author":"Fortino","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mol Model","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1610-2940","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070712581589500_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1021\/tx00014a003","article-title":"Mechanism of thyroid peroxidase inhibition by ethylenethiourea","volume":"3","author":"Doerge","year":"1990","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0893-228X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valderrama\n              B\n            , AyalaM, Vazquez-DuhaltR. Suicide inactivation of peroxidases and the challenge of engineering more robust enzymes. Chem Biol. 2002 May;9(5):555-65. Review. PMID: 12031662 10.1016\/S1074-5521(02)00149-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-5521(02)00149-7"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070712581589500_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2610945","article-title":"Rapid stimulation of hepatic oxygen consumption by 3,5-di-iodo-L-thyronine","volume":"261","author":"Horst","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochem J","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0264-6021","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"2026070712581589500_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1997.529bb.x","article-title":"How the thyroid controls metabolism in the rat: different roles for triiodothyronine and diiodothyronines","volume":"505","author":"Moreno","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Physiol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-3751","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070712581589500_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.143.2.8613","article-title":"Are the effects of T3 on resting metabolic rate in euthyroid rats entirely caused by T3 itself?","volume":"143","author":"Moreno","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0013-7227","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goglia\n              F.\n            \n           Biological effects of 3,5-diiodothyronine (T2). Biochemistry (Mosc). 2005 Feb;70(2):164-72. Review. PMID: 15807655","DOI":"10.1007\/s10541-005-0097-0"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref58","unstructured":"Burger\n              AG\n            \n          . Is there a physiological role for reverse triiodothyronine? Acta Med Austriaca. 1988;15 Suppl 1:30-3. Review. PMID: 3051832"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van den Berghe\n              G.\n            \n          \n          Non-thyroidal illness in the ICU: a syndrome with different faces. Thyroid. 2014 Oct;24(10):1456-65. doi: 10.1089\/thy.2014.0201. Review. PMID: 24845024","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2014.0201"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref60","unstructured":"Leonard\n              JL\n            , KoehrleJ. Chapter 8: Intracellular Pathways of Iodothyronine Metabolism. In: BravermanLE, UtigerRD, editors. Werner and Ingbar\u2019s The Thyroid: a fundamental and clinical text. 7th ed.Philadelphia, London: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1996. pp. 125\u201361."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070712581589500_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devbrainres.2004.07.016","article-title":"Regulation of cerebellar neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth by thyroxine and 3,3\u2032,5\u2032-triiodothyronine","volume":"154","author":"Farwell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res Dev Brain Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0165-3806","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"373","key":"2026070712581589500_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00373","article-title":"Multiple tyrosine metabolites are GPR35 agonists","volume":"2","author":"Deng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Rep","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2045-2322","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambrosio\n              R\n            , De StefanoMA, Di GirolamoD, SalvatoreD. Thyroid hormone signaling and deiodinase actions in muscle stem\/progenitor cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2017 Dec 25;459:79-83. doi: 10.1016\/j.mce.2017.06.014. Review. PMID: 28630021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.06.014"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070712581589500_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0532","article-title":"The Concerted Action of Type 2 and Type 3 Deiodinases Regulates the Cell Cycle and Survival of Basal Cell Carcinoma Cells","volume":"27","author":"Miro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thyroid","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1050-7256","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070712581589500_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00480599","article-title":"3,3\u2032,5\u2032-Triiodothyronine (Reverse T3) in amniotic fluid and cord serum","volume":"125","author":"H\u00fcfner","year":"1977","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0340-6199","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070712581589500_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01984","article-title":"Inhibition of pituitary type 2 deiodinase by reverse triiodothyronine does not alter thyroxine-induced inhibition of thyrotropin secretion in hypothyroid rats","volume":"153","author":"Cettour-Rose","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0804-4643","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070712581589500_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-017-0775-ysla","article-title":"Utilizing mass spectrometry imaging to map the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine in Xenopus tropicalis tadpoles","volume":"410","author":"Goto-Inoue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1618-2642","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darras\n              VM\n            , HoubrechtsAM, Van HerckSL. Intracellular thyroid hormone metabolism as a local regulator of nuclear thyroid hormone receptor-mediated impact on vertebrate development. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015 Feb;1849(2):130-41. doi: 10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2014.05.004. Review. PMID: 24844179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2014.05.004"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schiffer\n              L\n            , ArltW, StorbeckKH. Intracrine androgen biosynthesis, metabolism and action revisited. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2018 Apr 15;465:4-26. doi: 10.1016\/j.mce.2017.08.016. Review. PMID: 28865807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.08.016"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2895-8_16","article-title":"The Dehydrogenase Hypothesis","volume":"872","author":"Woods","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0065-2598","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bikle\n              DD\n            \n          . Vitamin D Metabolism, Mechanism of Action, and Clinical Applications. Chem Biol. 2014 Mar 20; 21(3): 319\u2013329. doi:  [10.1016\/j.chembiol.2013.12.016] PMCID: PMC3968073 PMID: 24529992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2013.12.016"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.11.013","article-title":"Reverse T3 interacts with \u03b1v\u03b23 integrin receptor and restores enzyme activities in the hippocampus of hypothyroid developing rats: insight on signaling mechanisms","volume":"470","author":"Domingues","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0303-7207","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070712581589500_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01939","article-title":"Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome and Thyroid Hormone Actions at Integrin \u03b1v\u03b23","volume":"103","author":"Hercbergs","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-972X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref74","unstructured":"Roche\n              J\n            , MichelR, WolfW.  [Probable presence of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine in thyroglobulin]. C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci. 1955 Jan 10;240(2):251-3. French. PMID: 14352480"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roche\n              J\n            , MichelR, NunezU, WolfW. [Two new hormonal constituents of the thyroid gland: 3, 3'-diiodothyronine and 3, 3', 5'-triiodothyronine]. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1955 Sep;18(1):149-50. French. PMID: 13260262","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3002(55)90027-5"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref76","unstructured":"Chopra\n              IJ\n            \n          . Chapter 7: Nature, source and relative significance of circulating thyroid hormones. In: BravermanLE, UtigerRD, editors. Werner and Ingbar\u2019s The Thyroid: a fundamental and clinical text. 7th ed.Philadelphia, London: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1996. pp. 111\u201324."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026070712581589500_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0645","article-title":"Does Reverse Triiodothyronine Testing Have Clinical Utility? An Analysis of Practice Variation Based on Order Data from a National Reference Laboratory","volume":"28","author":"Schmidt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thyroid","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1050-7256","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026070712581589500_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2013.0688","article-title":"Detection of 3,5-diiodothyronine in sera of patients with altered thyroid status using a new monoclonal antibody-based chemiluminescence immunoassay","volume":"24","author":"Lehmphul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thyroid","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1050-7256","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070712581589500_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2014.0262","article-title":"Translating pharmacological findings from hypothyroid rodents to euthyroid humans: is there a functional role of endogenous 3,5-T2?","volume":"25","author":"Pietzner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thyroid","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1050-7256","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070712581589500_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13101","article-title":"Thyroid hormone and its metabolites in relation to quality of life in patients treated for differentiated thyroid cancer","volume":"85","author":"Massolt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0300-0664","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070712581589500_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2680","article-title":"Evidence for extrathyroidal formation of 3-iodothyronamine in humans as provided by a novel monoclonal antibody-based chemiluminescent serum immunoassay","volume":"96","author":"Hoefig","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-972X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engler\n              D\n            , BurgerAG. The deiodination of the iodothyronines and of their derivatives in man. Endocr Rev. 1984 Spring;5(2):151-84. Review. PMID: 6376077 10.1210\/edrv-5-2-151","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-5-2-151"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070712581589500_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1177\/003591577506800201","article-title":"Estimation of tetraiodothyroacetate in human serum","volume":"68","author":"Ramsden","year":"1975","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0035-9157","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref84","article-title":"JOE-17-0113","author":"Groeneweg","year":"1530","journal-title":"RE:view","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0899-1510","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070712581589500_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-11-0002","article-title":"Deiodinases: the balance of thyroid hormone: local impact of thyroid hormone inactivation","volume":"209","author":"Dentice","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-0795","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070712581589500_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-107-4-1198","article-title":"Enzyme kinetic and substrate-binding studies of the thyroxine to 3,5,3\u2032-triiodothyronine converting enzyme in the rat liver microsomal fraction","volume":"107","author":"Heinen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Endocrinology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0013-7227","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070712581589500_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-70-5-1479","article-title":"Does a hidden pool of reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) production contribute to total thyroxine (T4) disposal in high T4 states in man","volume":"70","author":"LoPresti","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-972X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070712581589500_ref88","first-page":"138","article-title":"[Transfer and metabolism of thyroid gland hormones in the placenta]","volume":"24","author":"K\u00f6hrle","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Med Austriaca","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0303-8173","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070712581589500_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2100215","article-title":"Iodination by stimulated human neutrophils. Studies on its stoichiometry, subcellular localization and relevance to microbial killing","volume":"210","author":"Segal","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochem J","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0264-6021","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Spek\n              AH\n            , FliersE, BoelenA. Thyroid hormone metabolism in innate immune cells. J Endocrinol. 2017 Feb;232(2):R67-R81. gotoReview. PMID: 27852725","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0462"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"2026070712581589500_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.2000.0609","article-title":"Sodium iodide symporter (NIS) gene expression in human placenta","volume":"22","author":"Mitchell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Placenta","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0143-4004","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref92","unstructured":"Peeters\n              RP\n            , VisserTJ. Metabolism of Thyroid Hormone. In: De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-2017 Jan 1. PMID: 25905401"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes-Lima\n              C\n            , BurmanKD. Reverse T3 or perverse T3? Still puzzling after 40 years. Cleve Clin J Med. 2018 Jun;85(6):450-455. doi: 10.3949\/ccjm.85a.17079PMID: 29883303 10.3949\/ccjm.85a.17079","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.85a.17079"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070712581589500_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-013-9748-y","article-title":"Na+\/I- symporter and type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase gene expression in amniotic membrane and placenta and its relationship to maternal thyroid hormones","volume":"154","author":"Akturk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0163-4984","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang\n              SA\n            \n          . Physiology and pathophysiology of type 3 deiodinase in humans. Thyroid. 2005 Aug;15(8):875-81. Review. PMID: 16131330 10.1089\/thy.2005.15.875","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2005.15.875"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026070712581589500_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2013.833189","article-title":"Type 3 deiodinase and solid tumors: an intriguing pair","volume":"17","author":"Dentice","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1472-8222","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.04.037","article-title":"Type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase is expressed in human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes","volume":"203","author":"Nishimura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0024-3205","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026070712581589500_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0058","article-title":"An Improved Nonradioactive Screening Method Identifies Genistein and Xanthohumol as Potent Inhibitors of Iodothyronine Deiodinases","volume":"25","author":"Renko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thyroid","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1050-7256","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciavardelli\n              D\n            , BellomoM, CrescimannoC, VellaV.\n          Type 3 deiodinase: role in cancer growth, stemness, and metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014 Dec 17;5:215. doi: 10.3389\/fendo.2014.00215. eCollection 2014. Review. PMID: 25566187","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00215"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070712581589500_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.10.009","article-title":"Intracellular inactivation of thyroid hormone is a survival mechanism for muscle stem cell proliferation and lineage progression","volume":"20","author":"Dentice","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1550-4131","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicatiello\n              AG\n            , AmbrosioR, DenticeM. Thyroid hormone promotes differentiation of colon cancer stem cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2017 Dec 25;459:84-89. doi: 10.1016\/j.mce.2017.03.017.. Review. PMID: 28342853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.03.017"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pop\u0142awski\n              P\n            , Wi\u015bniewskiJR, RijntjesE, RichardsK, RybickaB, K\u00f6hrleJ, Piekie\u0142ko-WitkowskaA. Restoration of type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase expression in renal cancer cells downregulates oncoproteins and affects key metabolic pathways as well as anti-oxidative system. PLoS One. 2017 Dec 22;12(12):e0190179. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0190179. eCollection 2017. PMID: 29272308","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190179"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070712581589500_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI32824","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor induces local thyroid hormone inactivation during hypoxic-ischemic disease in rats","volume":"118","author":"Simonides","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Invest","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9738","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang\n              SA\n            , TuHM, HarneyJW, VenihakiM, ButteAJ, KozakewichHP, FishmanSJ, LarsenPR. Severe hypothyroidism caused by type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase in infantile hemangiomas. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jul 20;343(3):185-9. No abstract available. PMID: 10900278","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200007203430305"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070712581589500_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.23.070154.002405","article-title":"Thyroid hormones and iodine metabolism","volume":"23","author":"Roche","year":"1954","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0066-4154","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070712581589500_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1955.35.3.583","article-title":"Nature, biosynthesis and metabolism of thyroid hormones","volume":"35","author":"Roche","year":"1955","journal-title":"Physiol Rev","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0031-9333","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070712581589500_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-59-2-252","article-title":"Enzymatic conversion of thyroxine and triiodothyronine to the corresponding acetic acid analogues","volume":"59","author":"Albright","year":"1956","journal-title":"Endocrinology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0013-7227","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070712581589500_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-57-3-338","article-title":"The deiodination of thyroxine to triiodothyronine by kidney slices of rats with varying thyroid function","volume":"57","author":"Larson","year":"1955","journal-title":"Endocrinology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0013-7227","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070712581589500_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)65038-0","article-title":"Enzymatic conversion of thyroxine to tetraiodothyroacetic acid and of triiodothyronine to triiodothyroacetic acid","volume":"224","author":"Albright","year":"1957","journal-title":"J Biol Chem","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9258","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roche\n              J\n            , MichelR, TataJ. [The nature of iodinated compounds excreted by liver and kidneys after administration of L-thyroxin and L-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine]. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1954 Dec;15(4):500-7. French. PMID: 13230098","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3002(54)90007-4"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026070712581589500_ref111","first-page":"1880","article-title":"MICHEL R, JOUAN P, WOLF W","volume":"241","author":"ROCHE J","year":"1955","journal-title":"C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0001-4036","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070712581589500_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0450551","article-title":"Enterohepatic circulation of thyroxine in humans","volume":"15","author":"Myant","year":"1956","journal-title":"Clin Sci","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0009-9287","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026070712581589500_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-21-12-1548","article-title":"The peripheral metabolism of tri- and tetraiodothyroacetic acids in man","volume":"21","author":"Green","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-972X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070712581589500_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-50-4-712","article-title":"The nondeiodinative pathways of thyroxine metabolism: 3,5,3\u2032,5-tetraiodothyroacetic acid turnover in normal and fasting human subjects","volume":"50","author":"Pittman","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-972X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070712581589500_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010510-100512","article-title":"Membrane receptor for thyroid hormone: physiologic and pharmacologic implications","volume":"51","author":"Davis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0362-1642","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070712581589500_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj1954.28.775","article-title":"High affinity of triiodothyronine (T3) for nonphenolic ring deiodinase and high affinity of tetraiodothyroacetic acid (TETRAC) for phenolic ring deiodinase in cultured monkey hepatocarcinoma cells and in rat liver homogenates","volume":"28","author":"Sorimachi","year":"1981","journal-title":"Endocrinol Jpn","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0013-7219","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"25","key":"2026070712581589500_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)67287-4","article-title":"Rat liver iodothyronine monodeiodinase. Evaluation of the iodothyronine ligand-binding site","volume":"261","author":"Koehrle","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Biol Chem","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9258","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"Pt 10","key":"2026070712581589500_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1107\/S0907444905022523","article-title":"Ligand binding at the transthyretin dimer-dimer interface: structure of the transthyretin-T4Ac complex at 2.2 Angstrom resolution","volume":"61","author":"Neumann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0907-4449","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.02.029","article-title":"Therapeutic applications of thyroid hormone analogues in resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) syndromes","volume":"458","author":"Groeneweg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0303-7207","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070712581589500_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0178","article-title":"Tetrac can replace thyroid hormone during brain development in mouse mutants deficient in the thyroid hormone transporter mct8","volume":"154","author":"Horn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0013-7227","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026070712581589500_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1961e","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2014-1135","article-title":"2014. In vitro and mouse studies supporting therapeutic utility of triiodothyroacetic acid in MCT8 deficiency","volume":"28","author":"Kersseboom","year":"1970","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0888-8809","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070712581589500_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0388","article-title":"Effect of Triiodothyroacetic Acid Treatment in Mct8 Deficiency: A Word of Caution","volume":"26","author":"B\u00e1rez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1050-7256","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070712581589500_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0323","article-title":"MCT8 deficiency in Purkinje cells disrupts embryonic chicken cerebellar development","volume":"232","author":"Delbaere","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-0795","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070712581589500_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1440145","article-title":"Differences between the effects of thyroxine and tetraiodothyroacetic acid on TSH suppression and cardiac hypertrophy","volume":"144","author":"Lameloise","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0804-4643","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070712581589500_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1320751","article-title":"Long-lasting effects of Triac and thyroxine on the control of thyrotropin and hepatic deiodinase type I","volume":"132","author":"Juge-Aubry","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0804-4643","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis\n              PJ\n            , SudhaT, LinHY, MousaSA. Thyroid Hormone, Hormone Analogs, and Angiogenesis. Compr Physiol. 2015 Dec 15;6(1):353-62. doi: 10.1002\/cphy.c150011. Review. PMID: 26756636","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c150011"},{"issue":"16","key":"2026070712581589500_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2016.06.064","article-title":"Synthesis of MR-49, a deiodinated analog of tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac), as a novel pro-angiogenesis modulator","volume":"26","author":"Rajabi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem Lett","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0960-894X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070712581589500_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-15-0245","article-title":"Thyroid hormones and tetrac: new regulators of tumour stroma formation via integrin \u03b1v\u03b23","volume":"22","author":"Schmohl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1351-0088","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026070712581589500_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-1408","article-title":"A nonselenoprotein from amphioxus deiodinates triac but not T3: is triac the primordial bioactive thyroid hormone?","volume":"152","author":"Klootwijk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0013-7227","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026070712581589500_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3536","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2018-00550","article-title":"Functional Characterization of Thyrostimulin in Amphioxus Suggests an Ancestral Origin of the TH Signaling Pathway","volume":"159","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0013-7227","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holzer\n              G\n            , RouxN, LaudetV. Evolution of ligands, receptors and metabolizing enzymes of thyroid signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2017 Dec 25;459:5-13. doi: 10.1016\/j.mce.2017.03.021. Review. PMID: 28342854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.03.021"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref132","first-page":"1320","article-title":"Sur le metabolism hepatique de l\u2019acide 3:5:3\u2032-triiodothyroacetique","volume":"150","author":"Roche","year":"1956","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus des S\u00e9ances de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Biologie"},{"issue":"49","key":"2026070712581589500_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20717","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911024106","article-title":"Gaining ligand selectivity in thyroid hormone receptors via entropy","volume":"106","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-8424","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zada,\n              D.\n            , Tovin,A., Lerer-Goldshtein,T., Appelbaum,L. Pharmacological and BBB-targeted genetic therapies for thyroid hormone-dependent hypomyelination. Dis. Model Mech. 2016; 9 (11), 1339e1348.","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.027227"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beck-Peccoz\n              P\n            , PiscitelliG, CattaneoMG, FagliaG\n          1983. Successful treatment of hyperthyroidism due to nonneoplastic pituitary TSH hypersecretion with 3,5,3\u2019-triiodothyroacetic acid (TRIAC). J. Endocrinol. Invest 6, 217e223.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03350611"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070712581589500_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03350116","article-title":"Dissociated thyromimetic effects of 3, 5, 3\u2032-triiodothyroacetic acid (TRIAC) at the pituitary and peripheral tissue levels","volume":"11","author":"Beck-Peccoz","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0391-4097","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070712581589500_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.4158\/EP10137.RA","article-title":"Tiratricol-induced periodic paralysis: a review of nutraceuticals affecting thyroid function","volume":"17","author":"Cohen-Lehman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr Pract","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1530-891X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070712581589500_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2762","article-title":"Elevated Serum Tetrac in Graves Disease: Potential Pathogenic Role in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy","volume":"102","author":"Fernando","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1945-7197","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070712581589500_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.0.0190137","article-title":"3,5-Diiodo-L-thyronine (T2) has selective thyromimetic effects in vivo and in vitro","volume":"19","author":"Ball","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0952-5041","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070712581589500_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-15-0159","article-title":"3,5-T2 alters murine genes relevant for xenobiotic, steroid, and thyroid hormone metabolism","volume":"56","author":"Lietzow","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0952-5041","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senese\n              R\n            , de LangeP, PetitoG, MorenoM, GogliaF, LanniA. 3,5-Diiodothyronine: A Novel Thyroid Hormone Metabolite and Potent Modulator of Energy Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018 Jul 25;9:427. doi: 10.3389\/fendo.2018.00427. eCollection 2018. Review. PMID:    30090086","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00427"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070712581589500_ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1159\/000491620","article-title":"Differential Effects of 3,5-Diiodo-L-Thyronine and 3,5,3\u2032-Triiodo-L-Thyronine On Mitochondrial Respiratory Pathways in Liver from Hypothyroid Rats","volume":"47","author":"Silvestri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1015-8987","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070712581589500_ref143","first-page":"655","article-title":"3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine increases resting metabolic rate and reduces body weight without undesirable side effects","volume":"25","author":"Antonelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Regul Homeost Agents","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0393-974X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Valk\n              F\n            , HassingC, VisserM, ThakkarP, MohananA, PathakK, DuttC, ChauthaiwaleV, AckermansM, NederveenA, SerlieM, NieuwdorpM, StroesE. The effect of a diiodothyronine mimetic on insulin sensitivity in male cardiometabolic patients: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2014 Feb 21;9(2):e86890. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0086890. eCollection 2014. PMID: 24586256","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086890"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026070712581589500_ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-157115","article-title":"TRC150094, a novel functional analog of iodothyronines, reduces adiposity by increasing energy expenditure and fatty acid oxidation in rats receiving a high-fat diet","volume":"24","author":"Cioffi","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0892-6638","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026070712581589500_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5143","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1572","article-title":"Thyroid hormone reduces cholesterol via a non-LDL receptor-mediated pathway","volume":"153","author":"Goldberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0013-7227","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vatner DF1\n          , Snikeris J1, Popov V1, Perry RJ2, Rahimi Y1, Samuel VT3. 3,5 Diiodo-L-Thyronine (T2) Does Not Prevent Hepatic Steatosis or Insulin Resistance in Fat-Fed Sprague Dawley Rats. PLoS One. 2015 Oct 20;10(10):e0140837. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0140837. eCollection 2015.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140837"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070712581589500_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12261","article-title":"Reductions in serum levels of LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, triglycerides and lipoprotein(a) in hypercholesterolaemic patients treated with the liver-selective thyroid hormone receptor agonist eprotirome","volume":"277","author":"Angelin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Intern Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0954-6820","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026070712581589500_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-00433","article-title":"Role of the Bile Acid Transporter SLC10A1 in Liver Targeting of the Lipid-Lowering Thyroid Hormone Analog Eprotirome","volume":"158","author":"Kersseboom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0013-7227","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinha\n              RA\n            , SinghBK, YenPM. Direct effects of thyroid hormones on hepatic lipid metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018 May;14(5):259-269. doi: 10.1038\/nrendo.2018.10. Review. PMID:    29472712","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2018.10"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sacripanti\n              G\n            , NguyenNM, LorenziniL, FrascarelliS, SabaA, ZucchiR, GhelardoniS. 3,5-Diiodo-l-Thyronine Increases Glucose Consumption in Cardiomyoblasts Without Affecting the Contractile Performance in Rat Heart. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018 May 30;9:282. doi: 10.3389\/fendo.2018.00282. eCollection 2018. PMID: 29899732","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00282"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026070712581589500_ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3312","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-181982","article-title":"3,5-Diiodo-L-thyronine prevents high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance in rat skeletal muscle through metabolic and structural adaptations","volume":"25","author":"Moreno","year":"2011","journal-title":"FASEB J","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0892-6638","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Accorroni\n              A\n            , SaponaroF, ZucchiR. Tissue thyroid hormones and thyronamines. Heart Fail Rev. 2016 Jul;21(4):373-90. doi: 10.1007\/s10741-016-9553-8. Review. PMID: 27115768","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-016-9553-8"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026070712581589500_ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05-3977fje","article-title":"3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine powerfully reduces adiposity in rats by increasing the burning of fats","volume":"19","author":"Lanni","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0892-6638","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070712581589500_ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E497","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90642.2008","article-title":"3,5-Diiodo-L-thyronine rapidly enhances mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation rate and thermogenesis in rat skeletal muscle: AMP-activated protein kinase involvement","volume":"296","author":"Lombardi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0193-1849","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070712581589500_ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2013.01.023","article-title":"3,5-Diiodo-l-thyronine ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"1832","author":"Shang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0006-3002","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070712581589500_ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.143.5.8770","article-title":"Concentrations of seven iodothyronine metabolites in brain regions and the liver of the adult rat","volume":"143","author":"Pinna","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0013-7227","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1159\/000381542","article-title":"Involvement of the L-Type Amino Acid Transporter Lat2 in the Transport of 3,3\u2032-Diiodothyronine across the Plasma Membrane","volume":"4","author":"Kinne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2235-0640","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.01.024","article-title":"Molecular features of the L-type amino acid transporter 2 determine different import and export profiles for thyroid hormones and amino acids","volume":"443","author":"Hinz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0303-7207","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070712581589500_ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.3.7358","article-title":"Effects of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments on thyroid hormone metabolism and concentrations in rat brain","volume":"141","author":"Eravci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0013-7227","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026070712581589500_ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00414-1","article-title":"Thyroid hormones in the rat amygdala as common targets for antidepressant drugs, mood stabilizers, and sleep deprivation","volume":"54","author":"Pinna","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0006-3223","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070712581589500_ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E470","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00043.2003","article-title":"Effects of hyper- and hypothyroidism on thyroid hormone concentrations in regions of the rat brain","volume":"285","author":"Broedel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0193-1849","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070712581589500_ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1159\/000381543","article-title":"Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome in Cardiac Illness Involves Elevated Concentrations of 3,5-Diiodothyronine and Correlates with Atrial Remodeling","volume":"4","author":"Dietrich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2235-0640","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026070712581589500_ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0214","article-title":"Circulating 3-T1AM and 3,5-T2 in Critically Ill Patients: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study","volume":"26","author":"Langouche","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1050-7256","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1159\/000381308","article-title":"Urine Metabolomics by (1)H-NMR Spectroscopy Indicates Associations between Serum 3,5-T2 Concentrations and Intermediary Metabolism in Euthyroid Humans","volume":"4","author":"Pietzner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2235-0640","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedrich\n              N\n            , PietznerM, CannetC, ThuesenBH, HansenT, WallaschofskiH, GrarupN, SkaabyT, BuddeK, PedersenO, NauckM, LinnebergA. Urinary metabolomics reveals glycemic and coffee associated signatures of thyroid function in two population-based cohorts. PLoS One. 2017 Mar 2;12(3):e0173078. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0173078. eCollection 2017. PMID: 28253303","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173078"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref167","article-title":"JOE-18-0117","author":"Pietzner","year":"1530","journal-title":"RE:view","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0899-1510","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.03.003","article-title":"Non-mammalian models reveal the role of alternative ligands for thyroid hormone receptors","volume":"459","author":"Orozco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0303-7207","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070712581589500_ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15043","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14913-9","article-title":"Differential transcriptome regulation by 3,5-T2 and 3\u2032,3,5-T3 in brain and liver uncovers novel roles for thyroid hormones in tilapia","volume":"7","author":"Olvera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2045-2322","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070712581589500_ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.5.3939","article-title":"Elevated 3,5-diiodothyronine concentrations in the sera of patients with nonthyroidal illnesses and brain tumors","volume":"82","author":"Pinna","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-972X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070712581589500_ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02205-1","article-title":"Metabolomic analysis shows differential hepatic effects of T2 and T3 in rats after short-term feeding with high fat diet","volume":"7","author":"Iannucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2045-2322","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070712581589500_ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1159\/000481856","article-title":"In vivo Effects of Repeated Thyronamine Administration in Male C57BL\/6J Mice","volume":"7","author":"Harder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2235-0640","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070712581589500_ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1951","article-title":"3-Iodothyronamine Induces Tail Vasodilation Through Central Action in Male Mice","volume":"158","author":"Gachkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0013-7227","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026070712581589500_ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3426","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13131","article-title":"3-Iodothyroacetic acid lacks thermoregulatory and cardiovascular effects in vivo","volume":"172","author":"Hoefig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0007-1188","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00182","article-title":"3-iodothyronamine - a thyroid hormone metabolite with distinct target profiles and mode of action","author":"K\u00f6hrle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Rev","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0163-769X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070712581589500_ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(74)90151-9","article-title":"On the mechanism of action of thyroxin, an amino acid analog of tyrosine","volume":"46","author":"Dratman","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Theor Biol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-5193","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070712581589500_ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.10.024","article-title":"Does the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase contribute to thyronamine biosynthesis?","volume":"349","author":"Hoefig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0303-7207","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070712581589500_ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.275552","article-title":"ApoB-100-containing lipoproteins are major carriers of 3-iodothyronamine in circulation","volume":"287","author":"Roy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9258","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070712581589500_ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-007-0208-x","article-title":"3-Iodothyronamine: a novel hormone controlling the balance between glucose and lipid utilisation","volume":"178","author":"Braulke","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol B","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0174-1578","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026070712581589500_ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.106.480277","article-title":"Novel thyroxine derivatives, thyronamine and 3-iodothyronamine, induce transient hypothermia and marked neuroprotection against stroke injury","volume":"38","author":"Doyle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0039-2499","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026070712581589500_ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4034","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI32994","article-title":"Probing cell type-specific functions of Gi in vivo identifies GPCR regulators of insulin secretion","volume":"117","author":"Regard","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9738","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070712581589500_ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-09-0043","article-title":"Central effects of thyronamines on glucose metabolism in rats","volume":"201","author":"Klieverik","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-0795","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070712581589500_ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2008.00935.x","article-title":"The thyroid hormone derivative 3-iodothyronamine increases food intake in rodents","volume":"11","author":"Dhillo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1462-8902","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070712581589500_ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-011-6320-x","article-title":"Cardioprotective effect of 3-iodothyronamine in perfused rat heart subjected to ischemia and reperfusion","volume":"25","author":"Frascarelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0920-3206","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2026070712581589500_ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.05.013","article-title":"Effects of the thyroid hormone derivatives 3-iodothyronamine and thyronamine on rat liver oxidative capacity","volume":"341","author":"Venditti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0303-7207","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026070712581589500_ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20391","article-title":"NMR-based metabolomics and breath studies show lipid and protein catabolism during low dose chronic T(1)AM treatment","volume":"21","author":"Haviland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1930-7381","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070712581589500_ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13097","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13097","article-title":"Metabolic profiling reveals reprogramming of lipid metabolic pathways in treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome with 3-iodothyronamine","volume":"5","author":"Selen Alpergin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol Rep","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2051-817X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070712581589500_ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1535","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19051535","article-title":"Metabolic Reprogramming by 3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM): A New Perspective to Reverse Obesity through Co-Regulation of Sirtuin 4 and 6 Expression","volume":"19","author":"Assadi-Porter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1661-6596","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070712581589500_ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01823.x","article-title":"3-Iodothyronamine: a modulator of the hypothalamus-pancreas-thyroid axes in mice","volume":"166","author":"Manni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0007-1188","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070712581589500_ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-15-0003","article-title":"3-iodothyronamine differentially modulates \u03b1-2A-adrenergic receptor-mediated signaling","volume":"54","author":"Dinter","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0952-5041","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.07.026","article-title":"3-Iodothyronamine reduces insulin secretion in\u00a0vitro via a mitochondrial mechanism","volume":"460","author":"Lehmphul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0303-7207","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laurino\n              A\n            , RaimondiL. Commentary: Torpor: The Rise and Fall of 3-Monoiodothyronamine from Brain to Gut-From Gut to Brain? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017 Aug 22;8:206. doi: 10.3389\/fendo.2017.00206. eCollection 2017. PMID: 28878736","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00206"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutigliano\n              G\n            , ZucchiR. Cardiac actions of thyroid hormone metabolites. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2017 Dec 15;458:76-81. doi: 10.1016\/j.mce.2017.01.003. Review. PMID: 28069537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.01.003"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khajavi\n              N\n            , MerglerS, BiebermannH. 3-Iodothyronamine, a Novel Endogenous Modulator of Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 8? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017 Aug 16;8:198. doi: 10.3389\/fendo.2017.00198. eCollection 2017. Review. PMID: 28861042","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00198"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1159\/000381801","article-title":"The Multitarget Ligand 3-Iodothyronamine Modulates \u03b2-Adrenergic Receptor 2 Signaling","volume":"4","author":"Dinter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2235-0640","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laurino\n              A\n            , LanducciE, RaimondiL. Central Effects of 3-Iodothyronamine Reveal a Novel Role for Mitochondrial Monoamine Oxidases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018 Jun 6;9:290. doi: 10.3389\/fendo.2018.00290. eCollection 2018. Review. PMID: 29928258","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00290"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Br\u00e4unig\n              J\n            , DinterJ, H\u00f6figCS, PaisdziorS, SzczepekM, ScheererP, RosowskiM, MittagJ, KleinauG, BiebermannH. The Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 Agonist 3-Iodothyronamine Induces Biased Signaling at the Serotonin 1b Receptor. Front Pharmacol. 2018 Mar 12;9:222. doi: 10.3389\/fphar.2018.00222. eCollection 2018. PMID: 29593543","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00222"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellusci\n              L\n            , LaurinoA, SabatiniM, SestitoS, LenziP, RaimondiL, RapposelliS, BiagioniF, FornaiF, SalvettiA, RossiL, ZucchiR, ChielliniG. New Insights into the Potential Roles of 3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM) and Newly Developed Thyronamine-Like TAAR1 Agonists in Neuroprotection. Front Pharmacol. 2017 Dec 12;8:905. doi: 10.3389\/fphar.2017.00905. eCollection 2017.PMID:    2931191","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00905"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2017.10.008","article-title":"3-Iodothyroacetic acid (TA1), a by-product of thyroid hormone metabolism, reduces the hypnotic effect of ethanol without interacting at GABA-A receptors","volume":"115","author":"Laurino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurochem Int","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0197-0186","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00118","article-title":"Torpor: The Rise and Fall of 3-Monoiodothyronamine from Brain to Gut-From Gut to Brain?","volume":"8","author":"Glossmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1664-2392","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T\u00fcrker\n              E\n            , GarreisF, KhajaviN, ReinachPS, JoshiP, BrockmannT, LuciusA, LjubojevicN, TuranE, CooperD, SchickF, ReinholzR, PleyerU, K\u00f6hrleJ, MerglerS. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Induced Downstream Responses to Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and 3-Iodothyronamine (3-T1AM) in Human Corneal Keratocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018 Nov 22;9:670. doi: 10.3389\/fendo.2018.00670. eCollection 2018. PMID: 30524369","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00670"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walcher\n              L\n            , BuddeC, B\u00f6hmA, ReinachPS, DhandapaniP, LjubojevicN, SchweigerMW, von der WaydbrinkH, ReimersI, K\u00f6hrleJ, MerglerS. TRPM8 Activation via 3-Iodothyronamine Blunts VEGF-Induced Transactivation of TRPV1 in Human Uveal Melanoma Cells. Front Pharmacol. 2018 Nov 13;9:1234. doi: 10.3389\/fphar.2018.01234. eCollection 2018. PMID: 30483120","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01234"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070712581589500_ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2015.12.005","article-title":"3-Iodothyronamine increases transient receptor potential melastatin channel 8 (TRPM8) activity in immortalized human corneal epithelial cells","volume":"28","author":"Lucius","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Signal","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0898-6568","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"27","key":"2026070712581589500_ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6625","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201700407","article-title":"Halogen-Bonding Interactions of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Thyroid Hormone Derivatives: A Potential Mechanism for the Inhibition of Iodothyronine Deiodinase","volume":"23","author":"Marsan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemistry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1521-3765","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mondal\n              S\n            , MugeshG. Novel thyroid hormone analogues, enzyme inhibitors and mimetics, and their action. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2017 Dec 15;458:91-104. doi: 10.1016\/j.mce.2017.04.006. Review. PMID: 28408161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.04.006"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mondal\n              S\n            , RajaK, SchweizerU, MugeshG.\n          Chemistry and Biology in the Biosynthesis and Action of Thyroid Hormones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2016 Jun 27;55(27):7606-30. doi: 10.1002\/anie.201601116. Review. PMID: 27226395","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201601116"},{"issue":"4605","key":"2026070712581589500_ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6857270","article-title":"Sulfation preceding deiodination of iodothyronines in rat hepatocytes","volume":"221","author":"Otten","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0036-8075","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Visser\n              TJ\n            \n          . Role of sulfation in thyroid hormone metabolism. Chem Biol Interact. 1994 Jun;92(1-3):293-303. Review. PMID: 8033262 10.1016\/0009-2797(94)90071-X","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2797(94)90071-X"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref209","unstructured":"Visser\n              TJ\n            \n          . Pathways of thyroid hormone metabolism. Acta Med Austriaca. 1996;23(1-2):10-6. Review. PMID: 8767510"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070712581589500_ref210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-124-2-740","article-title":"Increased plasma 3,5,3\u2032-triiodothyronine sulfate in rats with inhibited type I iodothyronine deiodinase activity, as measured by radioimmunoassay","volume":"124","author":"Rooda","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocrinology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0013-7227","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070712581589500_ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.131.4.1396324","article-title":"Effects of selenium deficiency on thyroid hormone economy in rats","volume":"131","author":"Chanoine","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocrinology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0013-7227","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026070712581589500_ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.4158\/EP13331.OR","article-title":"Steady-State Serum T3 Concentrations for 48 Hours Following the Oral Administration of a Single Dose of 3,5,3\u2032-Triiodothyronine Sulfate (T3S)","volume":"20","author":"Santini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr Pract","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1530-891X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026070712581589500_ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6460","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0866","article-title":"Increased thyroxine sulfate levels in critically ill patients as a result of a decreased hepatic type I deiodinase activity","volume":"90","author":"Peeters","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-972X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu\n              SY\n            , GreenWL, HuangWS, HaysMT, ChopraIJ. Alternate pathways of thyroid hormone metabolism. Thyroid. 2005 Aug;15(8):943-58. Review. PMID: 16131336 10.1089\/thy.2005.15.943","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2005.15.943"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang\n              B\n            , YuH, BaoJ, ZhangM, GreenWL, WuSY. A Homogeneous Time-Resolved Fluorescence Immunoassay Method for the Measurement of Compound W. Biomark Insights. 2018 Feb 6;13:1177271918757484. doi: 10.1177\/1177271918757484. eCollection 2018. PMID: 29449777","DOI":"10.1177\/1177271918757484"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070712581589500_ref216","first-page":"26","article-title":"Transport of thyroid hormones to target tissues","volume":"21","author":"Ekins","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Med Austriaca","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0303-8173","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref217","unstructured":"Stockigt\n              J\n            \n          . Clinical Strategies in the Testing of Thyroid Function. In: De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-2017 Jan 1. PMID: 25905401"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070712581589500_ref218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R255","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0193","article-title":"DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: how reliable are free thyroid and total T3 hormone assays?","volume":"175","author":"Welsh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0804-4643","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref219","unstructured":"Spencer\n              CA\n            \n          . Assay of Thyroid Hormones and Related Substances. Published in http:\/\/www.thyroidmanager.org\/ \u00a9 2017; pp. 1-104"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070712581589500_ref220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0457","article-title":"2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum","volume":"27","author":"Alexander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thyroid","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1050-7256","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thienpont\n              LM\n            , Van UytfangheK, PoppeK, VelkeniersB. Determination of free thyroid hormones. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Oct;27(5):689-700. doi: 10.1016\/j.beem.2013.05.012. Review. PMID: 24094639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.05.012"},{"issue":"13-14","key":"2026070712581589500_ref222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2014.06.007","article-title":"Total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine: measurement discrepancies, particularly in inpatients","volume":"47","author":"Jonklaas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Biochem","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0009-9120","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026070712581589500_ref223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2017.274407","article-title":"Standardization of Free Thyroxine Measurements Allows the Adoption of a More Uniform Reference Interval","volume":"63","author":"De Grande","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Chem","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0009-9147","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richards\n              KH\n            , SchanzeN, MonkR, RijntjesE, RathmannD, K\u00f6hrleJ. A validated LC-MS\/MS method for cellular thyroid hormone metabolism: Uptake and turnover of mono-iodinated thyroid hormone metabolites by PCCL3 thyrocytes. PLoS One. 2017 Aug 24;12(8):e0183482. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0183482. eCollection 2017. PMID: 28837607","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183482"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richards\n              K\n            , RijntjesE, RathmannD, K\u00f6hrleJ. Avoiding the pitfalls when quantifying thyroid hormones and their metabolites using mass spectrometric methods: The role of quality assurance. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2017 Dec 15;458:44-56. doi: 10.1016\/j.mce.2017.01.032. Review. mPMID: 28153800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.01.032"},{"key":"2026070712581589500_ref226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2016.12.002","article-title":"Levothyroxine sodium revisited: A wholistic structural elucidation approach of new impurities via HPLC-HRMS\/MS, on-line H\/D exchange, NMR spectroscopy and chemical synthesis","volume":"135","author":"Ruggenthaler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0731-7085","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070712581589500_ref227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3309","DOI":"10.1021\/ac303722j","article-title":"Rapid and comprehensive impurity profiling of synthetic thyroxine by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry","volume":"85","author":"Neu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal Chem","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-2700","issn-type":"print"}],"container-title":["European Thyroid Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/497141","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/etj\/article-pdf\/8\/3\/115\/34556\/etj497141.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/etj\/article-pdf\/8\/3\/115\/34556\/etj497141.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T17:30:19Z","timestamp":1783445419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/etj\/article\/8\/3\/115\/4678\/The-Colorful-Diversity-of-Thyroid-Hormone"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]]},"references-count":227,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000497141","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-0802","2235-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-0802","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2235-0640","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]]}}}