{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T18:15:19Z","timestamp":1783448119710,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2423,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) is a common and deleterious side effect of amiodarone use. There are two types of AIT, characterized by distinct pathogenic mechanisms and, hence, different treatments. Discriminating between type 1 (AIT1) and type 2 (AIT2) AIT is often very challenging. Beta-glucuronidase (\u03b2-G) is a lysosomal enzyme released into the extracellular fluid during inflammation. Objectives: To examine whether the determination of the plasma activity of \u03b2-G is useful in distinguishing AIT1 from AIT2. Methods: The study included 67 subjects: 9 with AIT1, 9 with AIT2, 14 with hyperthyroidism due to Grave\u2019s disease or toxic multinodular goiter, 14 with subacute thyroiditis, and 21 euthyroid controls. Thyroid function tests and plasma \u03b2-G activity were determined in all participants, while thyrotoxic patients also underwent thyroid ultrasound\/scintigraphy and urine iodine excretion assessment. Results: Plasma \u03b2-G activity (expressed as mean \u00b1 SD in nmol 4-methylumbelliferone [4-MU]\/mL plasma\/h) in AIT2 was higher compared to AIT1 (2,263.6 \u00b1 771 vs. 1,101.8 \u00b1 201.9, p &amp;lt; 0.05) and similar to subacute thyroiditis (2,263.6 \u00b1 771 vs. 2,083.2 \u00b1 987.5, p = ns). \u03b2-G activity did not differ significantly between AIT1 and controls (1,101.8 \u00b1 201.9 vs. 954.6 \u00b1 248.6, p = ns). ROC curve analysis revealed that \u03b2-G activity had a high predictive value for destructive processes, namely AIT2 and subacute thyroiditis (AUC 0.846, 95% CI 0.748\u20130.943) and a cut-off value of 1,480.5 nmol 4-MU\/mL plasma\/h was able to discriminate between destructive and non-destructive thyroid conditions with 74% sensitivity and 82% specificity. Conclusion: In our study, plasma \u03b2-G activity performed well in distinguishing AIT1 from AIT2. Further studies are warranted to establish its usefulness as a discriminator between the two AIT types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000500355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]],"date-time":"2019-07-15T17:00:39Z","timestamp":1563210039000},"page":"215-220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Plasma Beta-Glucuronidase Activity: A Novel Tool to Distinguish Type 1 from Type 2 Amiodarone-Induced Thyrotoxicosis?"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Georgios\u00a0K.","family":"Markantes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Endocrinology \u2013 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina\u00a0A.","family":"Michalaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Endocrinology \u2013 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George\u00a0A.","family":"Vagenakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fotini\u00a0N.","family":"Lamari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efthymia","family":"Pitsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Eliopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Endocrinology Unit, Karamandanio Hospital, Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas\u00a0G.","family":"Beratis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Department of Pediatrics, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kostas\u00a0B.","family":"Markou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Endocrinology \u2013 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026070712574360700_ref1","first-page":"240","article-title":"The effects of amiodarone on the 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