{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T05:56:03Z","timestamp":1790488563517,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":211,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Inflamm Intest Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Although TNF inhibitors revolutionized the therapy of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we have been reaching a point where other therapies with different mechanisms of action are necessary. A rising number of elderly IBD patients with contraindications to established therapies and a growing group of patients losing response to anti-TNF therapy compel us to find safer, better-tolerated, and, ideally, personalized treatment options. However, in order to choose the right drug to fit a patient, it is indispensable to understand the pathomechanism involved in IBD. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Summary:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; The aim of this review is to explain the inflammatory signaling pathways in IBD and how to inhibit them with current and future therapeutic approaches. Next to biologic agents targeting inflammatory cytokines (anti-TNF agents, anti-IL-12\/-23 agents, and specific inhibitors of IL-23), biologics blocking leukocyte trafficking to the gut (anti-integrin antibodies) are available nowadays. More recently, small molecules inhibiting the JAK-STAT pathway (JAK inhibitors) or preventing lymphocyte trafficking (sphingosine-1-phosphate modulators) have been approved or are under investigation. Furthermore, modifying the microbiota has potential therapeutic effects on IBD, and autologous hematopoietic or mesenchymal stem cell transplantation may be considered for a highly selected group of IBD patients. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Key Message:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Physicians should understand the different mechanisms of action of the potential therapies for IBD to select the right drug for the right patient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000500721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]],"date-time":"2019-07-17T21:00:30Z","timestamp":1563397230000},"page":"79-96","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Mechanism-Based Treatment Strategies for IBD: Cytokines, Cell Adhesion Molecules, JAK Inhibitors, Gut Flora, and More"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Philipp","family":"Schreiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus\u00a0F.","family":"Neurath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siew\u00a0C.","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emad\u00a0M.","family":"El-Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0248-9527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ala\u00a0I.","family":"Sharara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2073-4234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taku","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadakazu","family":"Hisamatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshifumi","family":"Hibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Rogler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep0528"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.10.020"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32448-0"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000738"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303864"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14494"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjv059"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.10.001"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.39.5.690"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.04.007"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12164"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e31828a6551"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000465522"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0233-2"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMct1209614"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3661"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199710093371502"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08512-4"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030815"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050516"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14852"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.030"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-12-200706190-00159"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.11.041"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.10.032"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.221127"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.10.036"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa067594"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062897"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.05.048"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.010"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14371"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx176"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.11.183"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.10.011"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-2403"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12644"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.28674"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.105379"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.08.032"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.73"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.60"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2008.88"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0904492"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.10.052"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.22902"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04523.x"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.155"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.03.011"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjv220"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/17474124.2015.1091308"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-1512"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30068-5"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw216"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-017-4661-4"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(18)30082-7"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw198"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.16071"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.218"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.04.012"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izx072"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.01.012"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.04.039"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032414-112151"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1135245"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2009.100"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315671"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1132"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.07.014"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1203572"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602773"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14794"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.06.035"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.03.032"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy302"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy222.034"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30570-6"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(18)30233-4"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.03.049"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(18)34449-4"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.1.65"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622317738910"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1490-y"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301668"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy063"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.10.001"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.09.003"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.08.019"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2018-000208"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-013-0076-8"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.01.012"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314562"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39761"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-011-1827-x"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4307"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2920"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/21688370.2014.983777"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00123"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2008-0091TR"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2008.10.025"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000512800.68016.1d"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx180.004"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1202117"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1226"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm401490p"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S101821"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2017.05.015"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx003"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.208"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1112168"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1707500"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy150"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2016.03.004"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210457"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2017.02.007"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14422"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.07.009"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312735"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32537-5"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(17)34357-3"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy085"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(18)34439-1"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.01.093"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/IR:29:1-3:283"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.08703.x"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043335"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.03.024"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70149-1"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006097.pub3"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e31827eea78"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e3182a32a0d"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7513.1"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000338131"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215734"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215739"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.08.044"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.05.008"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw177"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw176"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14930"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-311079"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2017.1304987"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.236"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0162-0"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.02.016"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx048"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X17750355"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.06.026"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy171"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.05.006"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjv033"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izx045"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CEG.S110547"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy019"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60661-9"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(17)30968-X"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30930-3"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313457"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.03.014"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.08.044"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(09)60816-7"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.03.007"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2017.02.002"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1513248"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.3065"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512447596"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318248deea"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen3.12397"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx180.700"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/00000434-201810001-00569"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520410006233"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21403"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.052316"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-9-200711060-00004"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.104"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000493347"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313235"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20903"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.22156"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.02.009"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12820"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx109"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000437495.30052.be"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20377"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i33.11505"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.10.5750-5758.2004"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20197"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2008.05772.x"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20698"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(18)30587-0"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.72"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90121-3"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-200111000-00004"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.08.058"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1205037"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2014.08.006"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx063"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.03.045"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30182-4"},{"key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx184"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.16700"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(17)30056-0"},{"key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy069"},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw062"},{"key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.214841"},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/DCR.0b013e3181973487"},{"key":"ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.06.014"},{"key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-016-4166-6"},{"key":"ref209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-012-1581-9"},{"key":"ref210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31203-X"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.12.020"}],"container-title":["Inflammatory Intestinal Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/500721","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/500721","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T16:40:18Z","timestamp":1745426418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000500721"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"references-count":211,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000500721","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-9403","2296-9365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-9403","type":"print"},{"value":"2296-9365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}}}