{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T13:48:36Z","timestamp":1767016116540,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Introduction:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; This study is aimed at investigating the olfactory function among different subtypes of Parkinson disease (PD) and the impact of sex on smell identification test. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; In this cross-sectional study, we used Iran-smell identification test (Iran-SIT). PD severity was determined using a Hoehn and Yahr (H&amp;amp;Y) scale. We used analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to compare the olfactory function among different PD subtypes. All analyses were performed using SPSS software version 16.0. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; In total, 66 males and 38 females participated in this study. The most common PD subtype was postural instability and gait difficulty (38.5%). Severe hyposmia and anosmia were found in 44.6 and 19.6% of participants, respectively. Women had a higher score in olfactory function than men (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;\/i&gt; = 0.44). The score of subjects with stage 1 in the H&amp;amp;Y scale was about 3 points higher than the score with stage 4. The ANCOVA showed a statistically significant effect of subtypes PD on Iran-SIT score after controlling for the effects of covariates (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;\/i&gt; = 0.03). There is a significant difference between tremor-dominant Parkinson disease (TDPD) and other subtypes of PD (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;\/i&gt; &amp;#x3c; 0.05). However, Iran-SIT scores failed to show a significant difference between men and women (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;\/i&gt; = 0.13). &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Discussion\/Conclusion:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Our results confirmed that PD is heterogeneous and there is significant variability in odor identification ability in these patients. We observed more olfactory impairment in TDPD, and subjects with higher H&amp;amp;Y stage. We recommended future studies with repeated measurements of different aspects of smell function to characterize the temporal relationship of olfactory dysfunction with PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000501551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,10]],"date-time":"2019-07-10T21:00:32Z","timestamp":1562792432000},"page":"167-173","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Olfactory Identification among Various Subtypes of Parkinson Disease"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Mir\u00a0Mohammad","family":"Jalali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyed\u00a0Ali","family":"Roudbary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hooshang","family":"Gerami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robabeh","family":"Soleimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyed\u00a0Matin","family":"Ebrahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,10]]},"container-title":["European Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/501551","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/501551","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T15:43:02Z","timestamp":1745422982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000501551"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000501551","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-3022","1421-9913"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0014-3022"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1421-9913"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}}}