{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:51:56Z","timestamp":1790884316102,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,20]],"date-time":"2019-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,20]],"date-time":"2019-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566259200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"abstract":"<b><i>Background:<\/i><\/b> Myopia, especially high myopia, would cause damage in the choroid, retina and sclera, thereby leading to vision loss. Although refractive error correction can help improve visual acuity, the pathology of myopia, a global issue, remains unclear and myopia progression, as well as concomitant fundus progression, remains uncontrolled. Under such circumstances, prevention of myopia is of great significance and thus should be prioritized. <b><i>Objective:<\/i><\/b> To explore whether outdoor time has positive significance for myopia prevention. <b><i>Search Methods:<\/i><\/b> Databases of Pubmed, Science Direct, the Cochrane Library, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure and the Wanfang Database were searched. The following terms or their combinations were used: myopia, prevention, control, random, randomized, randomization, intervention, outdoor. The full search strategy was shown in the Appendix below. The databases were last searched on \u00adOctober 24, 2018. <b><i>Selection Criteria:<\/i><\/b> Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that participants accepted outdoor activity as an intervention measure for myopia prevention were included. <b><i>Data Collection and Analysis:<\/i><\/b> Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias for included studies. A fixed-effects model was applied, given that the heterogeneity among included studies was small. <b><i>Main Results:<\/i><\/b> Five RCTs with 3,014 subjects were included. Subjects\u2019 age ranged from 6 to 12 years, and the follow-up duration ranged from 9 to 36 months. Spherical equivalent error (SER) of the outdoor group was larger than that of the control group, and the pooled mean difference (MD) was 0.15 (95% CI 0.06\u20130.23) diopter (D). The change in SER of the outdoor group was smaller than that of the control group, with a pooled MD of 0.17 (95% CI 0.16\u20130.18) D. New myopia cases in the outdoor group were fewer than that of the control group, and the pooled risk ratio was 0.76 (95% CI 0.67\u20130.87). The change in axial length of the outdoor group was smaller than that of the control group, and the pooled MD was \u20130.03 (95% CI \u20130.03 to \u20130.03) mm. For all analyzed outcomes, there was no heterogeneity across included studies (<i>I<\/i><sup>2<\/sup> = 0%) and there was no publication bias either. <b><i>Conclusion:<\/i><\/b> Outdoor time helps slow down the change of axial length and reduce the risk of myopia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000501937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]],"date-time":"2019-09-23T21:00:33Z","timestamp":1569272433000},"page":"97-105","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Significance of Outdoor Time for Myopia Prevention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Based on Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Kai","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayinuer","family":"Yusufu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningli","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,20]]},"container-title":["Ophthalmic Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/501937","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/501937","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T15:46:48Z","timestamp":1745423208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000501937"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,20]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000501937","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0030-3747","1423-0259"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0030-3747","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0259","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,20]]}}}