{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T16:41:09Z","timestamp":1789144869597,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"abstract":"<b><i>Background:<\/i><\/b> Tattooist-related technical failures of tattooing were hitherto unstudied and related to clinical complications. Tattooing requires talent, training and experience. Amateurism is a challenge in popular tattoo industry with no formal education and certification of the tattooists. <b><i>Objective:<\/i><\/b> To study technical tattoo failures causing disease in a consecutive hospital material of tattoo complications. <b><i>Material:<\/i><\/b> 574 patients with 702 tattoo complications referred to the \u201cTattoo Clinic\u201d (a subspecialised dermatological clinic) were enrolled. Patients were examined clinically and classified with respect to the cause of complication. <b><i>Results:<\/i><\/b> 147 (21%) tattooist and tattoo studio-related complications were recorded, i.e. excessive pigment installed in the dermis with \u201cpigment overload\u201d in 64 (9%), tattoo \u201cneedle trauma\u201d with \u201coverworked tattoos\u201d in 43 (6%), contaminated ink causing infection in 20 (3%), and other sources of infections related to tattooing in 20 (3%). Pain and discomfort were particularly common as well as long-term complications including scarring induced by \u201cneedle trauma.\u201d \u201cPigment overload\u201d with black pigment carried a special risk of granulomatous inflammation and sarcoid granuloma and was observed in 12\/35 (34%) of punch biopsies taken from tattoos with \u201cpigment overload.\u201d Keratoacanthoma associated with trauma was observed in 1 case. 82% of complications were related to professional tattooists working in a tattoo studio and 18% to amateurs. <b><i>Conclusion:<\/i><\/b> Technical failures of tattooing are associated with medical tattoo complications. \u201cNeedle trauma\u201d with major skin damage, e.g. \u201coverworked tattoo,\u201d and installation of excessive pigment, e.g. \u201cpigment overload,\u201d and (re)use of contaminated tattoo ink bottles are identified failures calling for preventive intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000501962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T21:00:32Z","timestamp":1568062832000},"page":"208-215","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Tattooist-Associated Tattoo Complications: \u201cOverworked Tattoo,\u201d \u201cPigment Overload\u201d and Infections Producing Early and Late Adverse Events"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"236","author":[{"given":"Katrina","family":"Hutton\u00a0Carlsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitra","family":"Sepehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rgen","family":"Serup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60215-X"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000369176"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000369177"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000450777"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000452148"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000450780"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000453315"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2011.04359.x"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2012.04590.x"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12093"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000369184"}],"container-title":["Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/501962","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/501962","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T15:47:02Z","timestamp":1745423222000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000501962"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000501962","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.9785672","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1018-8665","1421-9832"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-8665","type":"print"},{"value":"1421-9832","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]}}}