{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T08:48:41Z","timestamp":1780476521740,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nephron"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"abstract":"<b><i>Background:<\/i><\/b> Progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) inevitably leads to salt and water retention and disturbances in the macro-and microcirculation. <b><i>Objectives:<\/i><\/b> We hypothesize that salt and water dysregulation in advanced CKD may be linked to inflammation and microvascular injury pathways. <b><i>Methods:<\/i><\/b> We studied 23 CKD stage 5 patients and 11 healthy controls (HC). Tissue sodium concentration was assessed using <sup>23<\/sup>Sodium magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Hydration status was evaluated using bioimpedance spectroscopy. A panel of inflammatory and endothelial biomarkers was also measured. <b><i>Results:<\/i><\/b> CKD patients had fluid overload (FO) when compared to HC (overhydration index: CKD\u00a0= 0.5 \u00b1 1.9 L vs. HC = \u20130.5 \u00b1 1.0 L; <i>p<\/i> = 0.03). MR-derived tissue sodium concentrations were predominantly higher in the subcutaneous (SC) compartment (median [interquartile range] CKD = 22.4 mmol\/L [19.4\u201331.3] vs. HC = 18.4 mmol\/L [16.6\u201321.3]; <i>p<\/i> = 0.03), but not the muscle (CKD = 24.9 \u00b1 5.5 mmol\/L vs. HC = 22.8 \u00b1 2.5 mmol\/L; <i>p<\/i> = 0.26). Tissue sodium in both compartments correlated to FO (muscle: <i>r<\/i> = 0.63, <i>p<\/i> &#x3c; 0.01; SC: <i>r<\/i><sub>s<\/sub> = 0.63, <i>p<\/i> &#x3c; 0.01). CKD subjects had elevated levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule (<i>p<\/i> &#x3c; 0.05), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (<i>p<\/i> &#x3c; 0.01), and interleukin (IL)-6 (<i>p<\/i> = 0.01) and lower levels of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (<i>p<\/i> = 0.04). FO in CKD was linked to higher IL-8 (<i>r<\/i> = 0.51, <i>p<\/i> &#x3c; 0.05) and inversely associated to E-selectin (<i>r<\/i> = \u20130.52, <i>p<\/i> = 0.01). Higher SC sodium was linked to higher intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM; <i>r<\/i><sub>s<\/sub> = 0.54, <i>p<\/i> = 0.02). <b><i>Conclusion:<\/i><\/b> Salt and water accumulation in CKD appears to be linked with inflammation and endothelial activation pathways. Specifically IL-8, E-Selectin (in FO), and ICAM (in salt accumulation) may be implicated in the pathophysiology of FO and merit further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000502011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]],"date-time":"2019-09-12T21:00:33Z","timestamp":1568322033000},"page":"234-242","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Salt and Water Retention Is Associated with Microinflammation and Endothelial Injury in Chronic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"143","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4588-4738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicos","family":"Mitsides","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahad\u00a0Mohammaed\u00a0S.","family":"Alsehli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"Mc\u00a0Hough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Shalamanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Alderdice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roshni","family":"Mitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Swiecicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Brenchley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey\u00a0J.M.","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.\u00a0Yvonne","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandip","family":"Mitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]]},"container-title":["Nephron"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/502011","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/502011","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T15:47:27Z","timestamp":1745423247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000502011"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000502011","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.9810533","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1660-8151","2235-3186"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-8151","type":"print"},{"value":"2235-3186","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}}}