{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T02:01:09Z","timestamp":1791511269849,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]],"date-time":"2019-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]],"date-time":"2019-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuroepidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"abstract":"<b><i>Background:<\/i><\/b> Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer\u2019s dementia. Whereas the exact etiology of PD remains unknown, risk of developing PD seems to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. This also includes abnormal exposure to trace elements of nutritional and toxicological interest. <b><i>Objectives:<\/i><\/b> In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we summarized the results of case\u2013control studies comparing levels of selenium, copper, iron, and zinc in PD patients and controls in either blood (whole blood, serum\/plasma) or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). <b><i>Methods:<\/i><\/b> We performed a systematic PubMed search selecting studies reporting trace element levels in different specimens of patients and controls. We performed a meta-analysis using a random-effect model to compute the weighted mean differences (WMD) and corresponding 95% CI of selenium, copper, iron, and zinc levels in the blood or CSF of patients and their matched controls. <b><i>Results:<\/i><\/b> We retrieved 56 papers reporting data for selenium (cases\/controls: 588\/721), copper (2,190\/2,522), iron (2,956\/3,469), and zinc (1,798\/1,913) contents in CSF and blood. Cases showed considerably higher levels of selenium in CSF compared with controls (+51.6%; WMD 5.49; 95% CI 2.82 to 8.15), while levels in serum were similar (\u20130.2%; WMD \u20130.22; 95% CI \u20138.05 to 7.62). For copper, cases showed slightly higher levels in CSF and slightly lower concentrations in serum (+4.5%; WMD 1.87; 95% CI \u20133.59 to 7.33, and \u20134.5%; WMD \u201342.79; 95% CI \u2013134.35 to 48.76, respectively). A slight increase was also found for CSF iron \u00adlevels (+9.5%; WMD 9.92; 1.23 to 18.61), while levels were \u00addecreased in serum\/plasma (\u20135.7%; WMD \u201358.19; 95% CI\u00a0\u2013106.49 to \u20139.89) and whole blood (\u201310.8%; WMD \u201395.69; 95% CI \u2013157.73 to \u201333.65). Conversely, for zinc cases exhibited lower levels both in CSF (\u201310.8%; WMD \u20137.34; 95% CI \u201314.82 to 0.14) and serum\/plasma (\u20137.5%; WMD \u201379.93; 95% CI\u00a0\u2013143.80 to \u201316.06). A longer duration of the disease tends to be associated with overall lower trace element levels in either CSF or blood. <b><i>Conclusions:<\/i><\/b> Due to the study findings and the greater relevance of the CSF compartment compared with the circulating peripheral ones, this meta-analysis suggests that overexposure in the central nervous system to selenium, and possibly to copper and iron, may be a risk factor of the disease, while zinc might have a protective \u00adeffect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000502357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]],"date-time":"2019-08-27T21:00:34Z","timestamp":1566939634000},"page":"1-23","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Selenium and Other Trace Elements in the Etiology of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Adani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Filippini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Michalke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Vinceti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]]},"container-title":["Neuroepidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/502357","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/502357","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T15:50:54Z","timestamp":1745423454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000502357"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000502357","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.9735908","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["0251-5350","1423-0208"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0251-5350","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0208","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]]}}}