{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T04:25:57Z","timestamp":1745468757497,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Brain stimulation is utilized to treat a variety of neurological disorders. Clinical brain stimulation technologies currently utilize charge-balanced pulse stimulation. The brain may better respond to other stimulation waveforms. This study was designed to evaluate the motor threshold of the brain to stimulation with various waveforms. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Three stimulation waveforms were utilized on rats with surgically implanted brain electrodes: pulses, square waves, and random waveform. The peak-to-peak stimulation voltage was increased in a step-wise manner until motor signs were elicited. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; The random waveform had the highest motor threshold with brain stimulation compared to the other waveforms. Random waveform stimulation reached maximum voltage without motor side effects while stimulating through both 1 and 8 electrodes. In contrast, the stimulation thresholds for motor side effects of the other two waveforms were on average less than half of the maximum voltage and lower for stimulation through 8 electrodes than stimulation through 1 electrode (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;\/i&gt; &amp;#x3c; 0.0005). &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusion:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; The random waveform was better tolerated than the other waveforms and may allow for the use of higher stimulation voltage without side effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000503022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]],"date-time":"2020-01-07T22:00:37Z","timestamp":1578434437000},"page":"313-318","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Threshold for Tonic Motor Effects from Random Waveform in a Rat Experimental Model of Frontal Cortex 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