{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:29:53Z","timestamp":1792175393383,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Atrial fibrosis plays a critical role in the occurrence and maintenance of atrial fibrillation. The role of TGF-\u03b21 in mediating atrial fibrosis is well documented. The \u03b2-galactoside-binding lectin galectin-3 (Gal-3) is mainly produced by macrophages in biological events such as inflammation and angiogenesis. Previous studies have shown that Gal-3 is associated with atrial fibrosis, but the relationship between TGF-\u03b21 and Gal-3 in atrial fibrosis remains unclear. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Objective:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; To determine whether Gal-3 induces atrial fibrosis and atrial fibrillation by activating the TGF-\u03b21\/Smad pathway and whether the expression of Gal-3 is mediated by TGF-\u03b21, which can enable assessing the relationship between Gal-3 and TGF-\u03b21 in atrial fibrosis. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; In this study, 30 patients\u2019 right atrial appendages were collected and divided into 3 groups: congenital heart disease sinus rhythm group (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;\/i&gt; = 10, as a control group), rheumatic heart disease sinus rhythm group (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;\/i&gt; = 10), and rheumatic heart disease atrial fibrillation group (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;\/i&gt; = 10). Rat atrial fibroblasts were cultured in vitro, and recombinant Gal-3 and recombinant TGF-\u03b21 proteins were added to the cell culture. The expression of Gal-3, TGF-\u03b21, Smad2, and collagen I was detected by Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR. Atrial tissues were stained with Masson\u2019s trichrome stain to evaluate the extent of atrial fibrosis. The expression of Gal-3 and TGF-\u03b21 was detected by immunohistochemical staining and immunofluorescence staining. Gal-3 and TGF-\u03b21 interaction was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; The expression levels of Gal-3, TGF-\u03b21, Smad2, and collagen I were elevated in the rheumatic heart disease atrial fibrillation group compared with the congenital heart disease sinus rhythm group and the rheumatic heart disease sinus rhythm group. In cultured atrial fibroblasts, there is a synergistic interaction between Gal-3 and TGF-\u03b21. Gal-3 stimulated the TGF-\u03b21\/Smad pathway, and overexpression of TGF-\u03b21 induced Gal-3 expression. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Gal-3 and TGF-\u03b21 interact with each other and stimulate the downstream TGF-\u03b21\/Smad pathway. This finding suggests that Gal-3 could be an important factor in TGF-\u03b21-induced fibrosis in atrial fibrillation. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000506072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T21:00:35Z","timestamp":1591736435000},"page":"446-455","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Galectin-3 Induces Atrial Fibrosis by Activating the TGF-\u03b21\/Smad Pathway in Patients with Atrial 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