{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:15:57Z","timestamp":1791332157613,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2170,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Thyroid disease in pregnant women needs attention from a clinical and scientific standpoint due to the potential severe adverse consequences. It is well-established that overt thyroid disease in pregnant women should be treated to prevent maternal and fetal complications, but routine testing for overt thyroid function test abnormalities has not been implemented. In contrast, the scientific focus has shifted towards smaller aberrations in maternal thyroid function including subclinical thyroid disease and isolated deviations in maternal thyroxine. In this focused review, we touch upon the assessment of maternal thyroid function in pregnancy and how the historical advancements in thyroid function tests parallel with the thyroid function test abnormalities described. Furthermore, we discuss how the scientific focus has evolved and how the field could turn in view of the existing discrepancies between results of observational studies and randomized controlled trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000506228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]],"date-time":"2020-03-11T18:00:34Z","timestamp":1583949634000},"page":"225-233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Turning to Thyroid Disease in Pregnant Women"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Stine Linding","family":"Andersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stig","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Geriatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"3Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026070713005255200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-25-3-385","article-title":"Endemic goiter in Western New Guinea. II. Clinical picture, incidence and pathogenesis of endemic cretinism","volume":"25","author":"Choufoer","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-972X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"7694","key":"2026070713005255200_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)91040-3","article-title":"Neurological damage to the fetus resulting from severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy","volume":"1","author":"Pharoah","year":"1971","journal-title":"Lancet","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0140-6736","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070713005255200_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.160","article-title":"Detection and treatment of congenital hypothyroidism","volume":"8","author":"Gr\u00fcters","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1759-5029","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070713005255200_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198907063210103","article-title":"Maternal-fetal transfer of thyroxine in congenital hypothyroidism due to a total organification defect or thyroid agenesis","volume":"321","author":"Vulsma","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-4793","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070713005255200_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000362597","article-title":"2014 European thyroid association guidelines for the management of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy and in children","volume":"3","author":"Lazarus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2235-0640","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070713005255200_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0457","article-title":"2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum","volume":"27","author":"Alexander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thyroid","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1050-7256","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026070713005255200_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0018","article-title":"The Decade in Clinical Thyroid Disease: An Analysis of Published Literature","volume":"26","author":"Cooper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1050-7256","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070713005255200_ref8","unstructured":"Spencer\n              C\n            \n          . Thyroid function tests: Assay of thyroid hormones and related substances [cited 2019 Dec 12]. Available from: www.thyroidmanager.com"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070713005255200_ref9","first-page":"11","article-title":"The evolution of thyroid function tests","volume":"20","author":"Kuyl","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Metab Diabetes South Africa."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026070713005255200_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1089\/105072503770867237","article-title":"Biologic variation is important for interpretation of thyroid function tests","volume":"13","author":"Andersen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thyroid","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1050-7256","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070713005255200_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0579","article-title":"Narrow intra-individual variation of maternal thyroid function in pregnancy based on a longitudinal study on 132 women","volume":"161","author":"Boas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0804-4643","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070713005255200_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-1387","article-title":"Dynamics and Predictors of Serum TSH and fT4 Reference Limits in Early Pregnancy: A Study Within the Danish National Birth Cohort","volume":"101","author":"Laurberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-972X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070713005255200_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2018.0628","article-title":"Pregnancy Week-Specific Reference Ranges for Thyrotropin and Free Thyroxine in the North Denmark Region Pregnancy Cohort","volume":"29","author":"Andersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thyroid","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1050-7256","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"Mar","key":"2026070713005255200_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598712","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/598712","article-title":"Challenges in interpretation of thyroid function tests in pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"2011","author":"Feldt-Rasmussen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Thyroid Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2042-0072","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070713005255200_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R219","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0410","article-title":"ENDOCRINOLOGY IN PREGNANCY: pregnancy and the incidence, diagnosing and therapy of Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"175","author":"Laurberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0804-4643","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070713005255200_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.10.042","article-title":"Free T4 immunoassays are flawed during pregnancy","volume":"200","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9378","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"17-18","key":"2026070713005255200_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2010.05.032","article-title":"FT4 immunoassays may display a pattern during pregnancy similar to the equilibrium dialysis ID-LC\/tandem MS candidate reference measurement procedure in spite of susceptibility towards binding protein alterations","volume":"411","author":"Anckaert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0009-8981","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070713005255200_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0672","article-title":"Gestational age-specific reference ranges from different laboratories misclassify pregnant women\u2019s thyroid status: comparison of two longitudinal prospective cohort studies","volume":"170","author":"Bliddal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0804-4643","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070713005255200_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13106","article-title":"Maternal total T4 during the first half of pregnancy: physiologic aspects and the risk of adverse outcomes in comparison with free T4","volume":"85","author":"Korevaar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0300-0664","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070713005255200_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12744","article-title":"Foetal programming by maternal thyroid disease","volume":"83","author":"Andersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0300-0664","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070713005255200_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R27","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0947","article-title":"MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Neurodevelopmental disorders in children born to mothers with thyroid dysfunction: evidence of fetal programming?","volume":"177","author":"Andersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0804-4643","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070713005255200_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12232","article-title":"Screening for overt thyroid disease in early pregnancy may be preferable to searching for small aberrations in thyroid function tests","volume":"79","author":"Laurberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0300-0664","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026070713005255200_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908193410801","article-title":"Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child","volume":"341","author":"Haddow","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-4793","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070713005255200_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02171","article-title":"Maternal thyroid function in early pregnancy and neuropsychological performance of the child at 5 years of age","volume":"103","author":"Andersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-972X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070713005255200_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnn.0000178228.61938.3e","article-title":"Disparity of verbal and performance IQ following early bilateral brain damage","volume":"18","author":"Bava","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Neurol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1543-3633","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070713005255200_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.01.026","article-title":"Lesion mapping of cognitive abilities linked to intelligence","volume":"61","author":"Gl\u00e4scher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0896-6273","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070713005255200_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jansen\n              TA\n            , KorevaarTIM, MulderTA, WhiteT, MuetzelRL, PeetersRP, et al. Maternal thyroid function during pregnancy and child brain morphology: a time window-specific analysis of a prospective cohort. lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019 Aug;7(8):629\u201337.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30153-6"},{"issue":"9821","key":"2026070713005255200_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60276-6","article-title":"Subclinical thyroid disease","volume":"379","author":"Cooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0140-6736","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070713005255200_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12540","article-title":"Low thyroid-stimulating hormone and its persistence beyond the first trimester of pregnancy","volume":"142","author":"Fraenkel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0020-7292","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026070713005255200_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0115","article-title":"Persistency of Thyroid Dysfunction from Early to Late Pregnancy","volume":"29","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thyroid","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1050-7256","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070713005255200_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0542","article-title":"Early Pregnancy Thyroid Function Test Abnormalities in Biobank Sera from Women Clinically Diagnosed with Thyroid Dysfunction Before or After Pregnancy","volume":"27","author":"Andersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thyroid","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1050-7256","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070713005255200_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14147","article-title":"Thyroid function abnormalities and thyroid autoantibodies in Danish pregnant women","author":"Kn\u00f8sgaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1365-2265","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070713005255200_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selmer\n              C\n            , FaberJ. Editorial commentary: Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and cardiovascular risk: Nothing to lose, everything to gain? Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2019 May;1050-1738(19):30067\u20132.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2019.05.002"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"2026070713005255200_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000197991.64246.9a","article-title":"Subclinical hyperthyroidism and pregnancy outcomes","volume":"107","author":"Casey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0029-7844","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026070713005255200_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.10931","article-title":"Association of Thyroid Function Test Abnormalities and Thyroid Autoimmunity With Preterm Birth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"322","author":"Korevaar","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0098-7484","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026070713005255200_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1603","article-title":"Levothyroxine treatment in euthyroid pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease: effects on obstetrical complications","volume":"91","author":"Negro","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-972X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070713005255200_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2009","article-title":"Universal screening versus case finding for detection and treatment of thyroid hormonal dysfunction during pregnancy","volume":"95","author":"Negro","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-972X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070713005255200_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0548","article-title":"Effects of levothyroxine treatment on pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"176","author":"Nazarpour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0804-4643","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070713005255200_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1106104","article-title":"Antenatal thyroid screening and childhood cognitive function","volume":"366","author":"Lazarus","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-4793","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026070713005255200_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606205","article-title":"Treatment of Subclinical Hypothyroidism or Hypothyroxinemia in Pregnancy","volume":"376","author":"Casey","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-4793","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026070713005255200_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.18249","article-title":"Effect of Levothyroxine on Miscarriage Among Women With Normal Thyroid Function and Thyroid Autoimmunity Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"318","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0098-7484","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070713005255200_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01850","article-title":"Effects of Levothyroxine on Pregnant Women With Subclinical Hypothyroidism, Negative for Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies","volume":"103","author":"Nazarpour","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-972X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"14","key":"2026070713005255200_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1812537","article-title":"Levothyroxine in Women with Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies before Conception","volume":"380","author":"Dhillon-Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-4793","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070713005255200_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1112591","article-title":"The debate over thyroid-function screening in pregnancy","volume":"366","author":"Brent","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-4793","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026070713005255200_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1615312","article-title":"Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Hypothyroxinemia in Pregnancy - Still No Answers","volume":"376","author":"Cooper","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-4793","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070713005255200_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02378","article-title":"Controlled Antenatal Thyroid Screening II: effect of treating maternal sub-optimal thyroid function on child cognition","volume":"103","author":"Hales","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-972X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070713005255200_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dgz098","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz098","article-title":"Controlled Antenatal Thyroid Screening II: effect of treating maternal sub-optimal thyroid function on child behaviour","author":"Hales","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-972X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070713005255200_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i6865","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i6865","article-title":"Thyroid hormone treatment among pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism: US national assessment","volume":"356","author":"Maraka","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0959-8138","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070713005255200_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3109\/10408367209151327","article-title":"Thyroid function in pregnancy and infancy. Maternal hypothyroxinemia and retardation of progeny","volume":"3","author":"Man","year":"1972","journal-title":"CRC Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0590-8191","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070713005255200_ref50","first-page":"40","article-title":"Maternal hypothyroxinemia and brain development: I. A hypothetical control system governing fetal exposure to maternal thyroid hormones","volume":"19","author":"Sinha","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Med Austriaca","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0303-8173","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026070713005255200_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2000.10.871","article-title":"The potential repercussions of maternal, fetal, and neonatal hypothyroxinemia on the progeny","volume":"10","author":"Glinoer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thyroid","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1050-7256","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026070713005255200_ref52","first-page":"3975","article-title":"Is neuropsychological development related to maternal hypothyroidism or to maternal hypothyroxinemia?","volume":"85","author":"Morreale de Escobar","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-972X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070713005255200_ref53","first-page":"51","article-title":"Maternal hypothyroxinemia versus hypothyroidism and potential neurodevelopmental. Alterations of her offspring","volume":"64","author":"Morreale de Escobar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol (Paris)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-4266","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2026070713005255200_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.06.023","article-title":"Autism: transient in utero hypothyroxinemia related to maternal flavonoid ingestion during pregnancy and to other environmental antithyroid agents","volume":"262","author":"Rom\u00e1n","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-510X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070713005255200_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.4158\/EP10309.RA","article-title":"Hypothyroxinemia and pregnancy","volume":"17","author":"Negro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr Pract","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1530-891X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070713005255200_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12227","article-title":"Maternal hypothyroxinemia and effects on cognitive functioning in childhood: how and why?","volume":"79","author":"Henrichs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0300-0664","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070713005255200_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-014-0203-5","article-title":"Update on a new controversy in endocrinology: isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia","volume":"38","author":"Furnica","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0391-4097","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070713005255200_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12605","article-title":"Optimal management of hypothyroidism, hypothyroxinaemia and euthyroid TPO antibody positivity preconception and in pregnancy","volume":"82","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0300-0664","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070713005255200_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4183\/aeb.2016.1","article-title":"Hypothyroxinaemia and brain development","volume":"12","author":"Lazarus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Bucur)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1841-0987","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070713005255200_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9101-x","article-title":"Maternal Hypothyroxinemia-Induced Neurodevelopmental Impairments in the Progeny","volume":"53","author":"Min","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0893-7648","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070713005255200_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R21","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0354","article-title":"MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy: knowns and unknowns","volume":"176","author":"Dosiou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0804-4643","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070713005255200_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1993.3.59","article-title":"Endemic cretinism: toward a unifying hypothesis","volume":"3","author":"Boyages","year":"1993","journal-title":"Thyroid","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1050-7256","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070713005255200_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1984.tb03468.x","article-title":"Maternal thyroid hormone levels in pregnancy and the subsequent cognitive and motor performance of the children","volume":"21","author":"Pharoah","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0300-0664","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070713005255200_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00639.x","article-title":"Low maternal free thyroxine concentrations during early pregnancy are associated with impaired psychomotor development in infancy","volume":"50","author":"Pop","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0300-0664","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2026070713005255200_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aung\n              T\n            , HalseyJ, KromhoutD, GersteinHC, MarchioliR, TavazziL, et al. Associations of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplement Use With Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Meta-analysis of 10 Trials Involving 77 917 Individuals. 2018 Mar;3(3):225\u201334.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.5205"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070713005255200_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809944","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplements and Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"380","author":"Manson","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-4793","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"9671","key":"2026070713005255200_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60708-X","article-title":"The HRT controversy: observational studies and RCTs fall in line","volume":"373","author":"Vandenbroucke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0140-6736","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026070713005255200_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2003.017269","article-title":"Interpretation of observational studies","volume":"90","author":"Jepsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Heart","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1355-6037","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070713005255200_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0866","article-title":"Maternal hypothyroxinaemia in pregnancy is associated with obesity and adverse maternal metabolic parameters","volume":"174","author":"Knight","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0804-4643","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070713005255200_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0149065","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149065","article-title":"Free Thyroxine During Early Pregnancy and Risk for Gestational Diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Haddow","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1932-6203","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026070713005255200_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0491","article-title":"Iron Deficiency May Predict Greater Risk for Hypothyroxinemia: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Pregnant Women in China","volume":"28","author":"Teng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thyroid","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1050-7256","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070713005255200_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.4635","article-title":"Assessment of the Relationship Between Genetic Determinants of Thyroid Function and Atrial Fibrillation: A Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"4","author":"Ellervik","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2380-6583","issn-type":"print"}],"container-title":["European Thyroid Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/506228","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/etj\/article-pdf\/9\/5\/225\/34935\/etj506228.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/etj\/article-pdf\/9\/5\/225\/34935\/etj506228.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T17:30:39Z","timestamp":1783445439000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/etj\/article\/9\/5\/225\/4734\/Turning-to-Thyroid-Disease-in-Pregnant-Women"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000506228","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-0802","2235-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-0802","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2235-0640","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]}}}