{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T12:47:18Z","timestamp":1776862038051,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"4-5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Addict Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"abstract":"<b><i>Background:<\/i><\/b> Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorder (SUD) often co-occur. Both disorders are characterized by impulsive choice. However, little is known about the effects of substance misuse (SM) and family history of SUD (FH) on impulsive choice in ADHD-SUD comorbidity. Impulsive choice is also linked to callous-unemotional (CU) traits, which are suggested to play a role in ADHD-SUD comorbidity. Our aim was to examine the effects of (1) FH and (2) SM on impulsive choice, while exploring the role of CU traits. <b><i>Methods:<\/i><\/b> Impulsive choice was assessed with the delay discounting (DD) task. We compared task performance across (1) ADHD patients and controls with or without FH of SUD (ADHD FH+: <i>n<\/i> = 86; ADHD FH\u2212: <i>n<\/i> = 63; control FH+: <i>n<\/i> = 49; control FH\u2212: <i>n<\/i> = 72; mean age of the whole sample [<i>n<\/i> = 270]: 16.39, SD: 3.43) and (2) family history-matched ADHD groups with and without SM and controls (ADHD + SM: <i>n<\/i> = 62; ADHD-only: <i>n<\/i> = 62; controls: <i>n<\/i> = 62; mean age of the whole sample [<i>n<\/i> = 186]: 18.01, SD: 2.71). Effects of CU traits were explored by adding this as a covariate in all analyses. <b><i>Results:<\/i><\/b> (1) There was no main effect of FH on DD. (2) We found increased DD in ADHD + SM compared to ADHD-only and no difference between ADHD-only and controls. Finally, increased DD was associated with increased callous traits only in ADHD FH+ and control FH+. <b><i>Conclusions:<\/i><\/b> In adolescents and young adults with ADHD, high impulsive choice might only be present in those with comorbid SM and in an FH+ subgroup with high callous traits. This suggests that impulsive choice in ADHD might result from (1) effects of SM and (2) a combined effect of SUD vulnerability and high callousness. Future studies should investigate efficacy of early interventions, targeting CU traits. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000509147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]],"date-time":"2020-07-13T21:00:52Z","timestamp":1594674052000},"page":"295-305","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of Substance Misuse and Family History of Substance Use Disorder on Delay Discounting in Adolescents and Young Adults with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Paraskevopoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daan","family":"van Rooij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aart H.","family":"Schene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anouk P.J.","family":"Scheres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan K.","family":"Buitelaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arnt F. 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