{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T11:16:39Z","timestamp":1790507799251,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Skin Pharmacol Physiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Introduction:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Pattern recognition receptors are involved in innate and adaptive immunity by detecting microbial components. Bacteria have been accused to play a role in inflammatory acne. We investigated the potential involvement of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4, TLR6, and CD14 in the direct influence of bacterial components and standard antiacne compounds on human sebocytes. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; mRNA and protein expression of TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, and CD14 in SZ95 sebocytes was evaluated by real-time qRT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. The effects of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid on TLR2, TLR4, and CD14 expression and of cytokine\/chemokine secretion by 13-&lt;i&gt;cis&lt;\/i&gt;-retinoic acid, all-&lt;i&gt;trans&lt;\/i&gt;-retinoic acid, retinol, and hydrocortisone at the mRNA and protein levels were assessed by real-time qRT-PCR and ELISA and verified by cocultivation with neutralizing antibodies. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; The constitutive expression of TLR2, TLR4, and CD14 in SZ95 sebocytes was augmented by exposure to LPS. Hydrocortisone induced TLR2, but markedly reduced TLR4 expression. 13-&lt;i&gt;cis&lt;\/i&gt;-retinoic acid and all-&lt;i&gt;trans&lt;\/i&gt;-retinoic acid regulated IL-6 release. LPS enhanced and hydrocortisone reduced cytokine and chemokine release. Anti-TLR4 and anti-CD14 mAb blocked LPS-induced IL-8 and IL-6 release. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Microbial components use pattern recognition receptors to directly activate sebocytes to express a wide range of proinflammatory molecules and especially IL-8 and IL-6 in a TLR4- and CD14-specific manner. Retinoids, but mostly corticosteroids, also use this pathway to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000513259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T17:54:34Z","timestamp":1616522074000},"page":"19-29","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Involvement of Pattern Recognition Receptors in the Direct Influence of Bacterial Components and Standard Antiacne Compounds on Human Sebaceous Gland Cells"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1646-2608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos C.","family":"Zouboulis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina 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