{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:40:05Z","timestamp":1787067605170,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuropsychobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin and homocysteine (Hcy) alternations have been associated with psychiatric disorders. The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the association of serum vitamin and Hcy levels with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Following PRISMA protocol, we used the databases including Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science with no time restriction. Data were pooled using a random-effects model and\/or fixed-effects model to estimate the standard mean difference (SMD) for evaluation of the strength of association analyses. Our data showed a significant reduction in vitamin B&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;\/sub&gt; (SMD = \u22120.58, 95% CI = \u22121.08 to \u22120.08, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;\/i&gt; = 0.02, &lt;i&gt;I&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;\/sup&gt; = 65%; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;heterogeneity&lt;\/sub&gt; = 0.06), vitamin E (SMD = \u22120.89, 95% CI = \u22121.23 to \u22120.56, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;\/i&gt; &amp;#x3c; 0.00001, &lt;i&gt;I&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;\/sup&gt; = 23%; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;heterogeneity&lt;\/sub&gt; = 0.26), and vitamin C (SMD = \u22121.40, 95% CI = \u22122.44 to \u22120.36, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;\/i&gt; = 0.008, &lt;i&gt;I&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;\/sup&gt; = 92%; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;heterogeneity&lt;\/sub&gt; &amp;#x3c; 0.0001) in OCD patients. In addition, the findings showed significantly higher levels of Hcy (SMD = 1.11, 95% CI = [0.48, 1.75], &lt;i&gt;p&lt;\/i&gt; = 0.0006, &lt;i&gt;I&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;\/sup&gt; = 73%; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;h&lt;\/sub&gt; = 0.02) in patients compared to controls. Also, our data showed that vitamin B&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;\/sub&gt; and D levels are not associated with OCD (vitamin B&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;\/sub&gt;: SMD = \u22120.23, 95% CI = \u22121.01 to 0.55, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;\/i&gt; = 0.56, &lt;i&gt;I&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;\/sup&gt; = 88%; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;heterogeneity&lt;\/sub&gt; &amp;#x3c; 0.0001; vitamin D: SMD = \u22120.63, 95% CI = \u22121.41 to 0.15, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;\/i&gt; = 0.11, &lt;i&gt;I&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;\/sup&gt; = 88%; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;heterogeneity&lt;\/sub&gt; = 0.0002). Our findings support significant impacts of Hcy and vitamin B&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;\/sub&gt;, E, and C levels in OCD pathogenesis. This will be important for prevention and treatment of OCD. However, further studies are recommended to elucidate more accurate conclusions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000514075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T17:07:40Z","timestamp":1617037660000},"page":"502-515","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Serum Vitamins and Homocysteine Levels in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Balandeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Karimian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohaddeseh","family":"Behjati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4157-3588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir 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