{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:52:18Z","timestamp":1787017938742,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1706,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Given the fact that a large number of radiological examinations using iodine-based contrast media (ICM) are performed in everyday practice, clinicians should be aware of potential ICM-induced thyroid dysfunction (TD). ICM can induce hyperthyroidism (Hyper) or hypothyroidism (Hypo) due to supraphysiological concentrations of iodine in the contrast solution. The prevalence of ICM-induced TD varies from 1 to 15%. ICM-induced Hyper is predominantly found in regions with iodine deficiency and in patients with underlying nodular goiter or latent Graves\u2019 disease. Patients at risk for ICM-induced Hypo include those with autoimmune thyroiditis, living in areas with sufficient iodine supply. Most cases of ICM-induced TD are mild and transient. In the absence of prospective clinical trials on the management of ICM-induced TD, an individualized approach to prevention and treatment, based on patient\u2019s age, clinical symptoms, pre-existing thyroid diseases, coexisting morbidities and iodine intake must be advised. Treatment of ICM-induced Hyper with antithyroid drugs (in selected cases in combination with sodium perchlorate) should be considered in patients with severe or prolonged hyperthyroid symptoms or in older patients with underlying heart disease. It is debated whether preventive therapy with methimazole and\/or perchlorate prior to ICM administration is justified. In ICM-induced overt Hypo, temporary levothyroxine may be considered in younger patients with symptoms of Hypo, with an underlying autoimmune thyroiditis and in women planning pregnancy. Additional clinical trials with clinically relevant endpoints are warranted to further aid in clinical decision-making in patients with ICM-induced TD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000517175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]],"date-time":"2021-06-16T17:00:31Z","timestamp":1623862831000},"page":"269-284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["2021 European Thyroid Association Guidelines for the Management of Iodine-Based Contrast Media-Induced Thyroid Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5752-8709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Bednarczuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas H.","family":"Brix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Schima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Goettlicher Heiland Krankenhaus, Barmherzige Schwestern Krankenhaus, and Sankt Josef Krankenhaus, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Zettinig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Schilddruesenpraxis Josefstadt, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George J.","family":"Kahaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2026070711513289700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i1","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh1068","article-title":"Editorial: contrast medium-induced nephropathy","volume":"20","author":"Persson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070711513289700_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-004-2238-z","article-title":"Effect of iodinated contrast media on thyroid function in adults","volume":"14","author":"van der Molen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070711513289700_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e3283565bb2","article-title":"Iodine-induced thyroid dysfunction","volume":"19","author":"Leung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070711513289700_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12376","article-title":"Radiocontrast-induced thyroid dysfunction: is it common and what should we do about it?","volume":"80","author":"Hudzik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070711513289700_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3292","article-title":"A review: radiographic iodinated contrast media-induced thyroid dysfunction","volume":"100","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070711513289700_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/174_2013_864","article-title":"Contrast media classification and terminology","volume-title":"Contrast media safety issues and ESUR guideline","author":"Thomsen","year":"2014"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070711513289700_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2017.06.003","article-title":"Current radiographic iodinated contrast agents","volume":"25","author":"Spampinato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"2026070711513289700_ref8","volume-title":"Textbook of contrast media","author":"Dawson","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026070711513289700_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934947","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/934947","article-title":"Contrast media: are there differences in nephrotoxicity among contrast media?","volume":"2014","author":"Solomon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070711513289700_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000119","article-title":"Optimizing contrast media injection protocols in state-of-the art computed tomographic angiography","volume":"50","author":"Lell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070711513289700_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2018181657","article-title":"Detection of colorectal hepatic metastases is superior at standard radiation dose CT versus reduced dose CT","volume":"290","author":"Jensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070711513289700_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000525","article-title":"Individually body weight-adapted contrast media application in computed tomography imaging of the liver at 90 kVp","volume":"54","author":"Martens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070711513289700_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.677","article-title":"Association between iodinated contrast media exposure and incident hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism","volume":"172","author":"Rhee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026070711513289700_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3372","DOI":"10.1210\/JC.2015-2329","article-title":"Iodinated contrast media increased the risk of thyroid dysfunction: a 6-year retrospective cohort study","volume":"100","author":"Kornelius","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"50","key":"2026070711513289700_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2279","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002279","article-title":"Iodinated contrast medium exposure during computed tomography increase the risk of subsequent development of thyroid disorders in patients without known thyroid disease: a nationwide population-based, propensity score-matched, longitudinal follow-up study","volume":"94","author":"Hsieh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026070711513289700_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0051","article-title":"Iodinated contrast media-induced thyroid dysfunction in euthyroid nodular goiter patients","volume":"26","author":"Kornelius","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070711513289700_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000541","article-title":"Iodinated contrast agents and risk of hypothyroidism in young children in the United States","volume":"54","author":"Jick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070711513289700_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-1330","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction in children exposed to iodinated contrast media","volume":"101","author":"Barr","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070711513289700_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2020.0459","article-title":"Incidence of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism after administration of iodinated contrast during radiographic procedures: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature","author":"Bervini","year":"2021  15","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070711513289700_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2006.06.020","article-title":"European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) guidelines on the safe use of iodinated contrast media","volume":"60","author":"Thomsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070711513289700_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.4158\/EP12280.GL","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association","volume":"18","author":"Garber","year":"2012 \u2013","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070711513289700_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1159\/000356507","article-title":"ETA guideline: management of subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"2","author":"Pearce","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026070711513289700_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0229","article-title":"2016 American thyroid association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis","volume":"26","author":"Ross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070711513289700_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/jmrs.390","article-title":"Iodinated contrast media and their effect on thyroid function \u2013 routines and practices among diagnostic imaging departments in Norway","volume":"67","author":"Rusandu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Radiat Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070711513289700_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1159\/000438750","article-title":"The 2015 European thyroid association guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism","volume":"4","author":"Biondi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070711513289700_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1159\/000486957","article-title":"European Thyroid Association (ETA) guidelines for the management of amiodarone-associated thyroid dysfunction","volume":"7","author":"Bartalena","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070711513289700_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000490384","article-title":"2018 European thyroid association guideline for the management of Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism","volume":"7","author":"Kahaly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"issue":"8906","key":"2026070711513289700_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90265-8","article-title":"Iodide-induced hyperthyroidism with computed tomography contrast fluids","volume":"343","author":"de Bruin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026070711513289700_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1258\/ar.2012.12a013","article-title":"Iodine-based contrast media cause hyperthyroidism \u2013 another important adverse reaction to contrast media?","volume":"53","author":"Thomsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070711513289700_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13494","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism in patients with ischaemic heart disease after iodine load induced by coronary angiography: long-term follow-up and influence of baseline thyroid functional status","volume":"88","author":"Bonelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070711513289700_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1258\/ar.2012.120326","article-title":"Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and effect of contrast medium on thyroid metabolism in cardiac patients undergoing coronary angiography","volume":"54","author":"Marraccini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070711513289700_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.384","article-title":"Iodinated contrast prior to evaluation for thyrotoxicosis","volume":"4","author":"Phillips","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hosp Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070711513289700_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.4158\/EP151038.PS","article-title":"American association of clinical endocrinologists and American college of endocrinology position statement on thyroid dysfunction case finding","volume":"22","author":"Hennessey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"2026070711513289700_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1159\/000515126","article-title":"Prevention of iodinated contrast media-induced hyperthyroidism in patients with euthyroid goiter","author":"Pelewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026070711513289700_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12456","article-title":"Prevalence of normal TSH value among patients with autonomously functioning thyroid nodule","volume":"45","author":"Treglia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070711513289700_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2010.06.034","article-title":"Thyroid storm after coronary artery bypass grafting","volume":"140","author":"Bish","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070711513289700_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2013.04.002","article-title":"In the eye of the storm: iodinated contrast medium induced thyroid storm presenting as cardiopulmonary arrest","volume":"42","author":"Alkhuja","year":"2013 \u2013","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070711513289700_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.08.096","article-title":"Iodinated contrast administration resulting in cardiogenic shock in patient with uncontrolled graves disease","volume":"53","author":"Brundridge","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026070711513289700_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6092","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0728","article-title":"Scintigraphy for risk stratification of iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis in patients receiving contrast agent for coronary angiography: a prospective study of patients with low thyrotropin","volume":"89","author":"Fricke","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026070711513289700_ref40","first-page":"13","article-title":"[Prevention of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism after coronary angiography]","volume":"20","author":"Fritzsche","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Med Austriaca"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070711513289700_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1625101","article-title":"[Intrathyroidal iodine concentration after application of non-ionic contrast media with and without prophylactic application of perchlorate]","volume":"44","author":"Schaffhauser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nuklearmedizin"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070711513289700_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1340337","article-title":"Prophylactic application of thyrostatic drugs during excessive iodine exposure in euthyroid patients with thyroid autonomy: a randomized study","volume":"134","author":"Nolte","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070711513289700_ref43"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070711513289700_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4158\/3.4.219","article-title":"Short-term effects of coronary angiographic contrast agents on thyroid function","volume":"3","author":"Koroscil","year":"1997 \u2013","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026070711513289700_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1089\/1050725041517075","article-title":"Do iodine-containing contrast media induce clinically relevant changes in thyroid function parameters of euthyroid patients within the first week?","volume":"14","author":"Gartner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070711513289700_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0024","article-title":"Urinary iodine excretion and serum thyroid function in adults after iodinated contrast administration","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070711513289700_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/00365513.2019.1709658","article-title":"Auto regulatory capacity of the thyroid gland after numerous iodinated contrast media investigations","volume":"80","author":"B\u00f8hmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070711513289700_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E469","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2731","article-title":"Changes in serum iodine concentration, urinary iodine excretion and thyroid function after hysterosalpingography using an oil-soluble iodinated contrast medium (lipiodol)","volume":"100","author":"Kaneshige","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070711513289700_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-018-4306-6","article-title":"Practical administration of intravenous contrast media in children: screening, prophylaxis, administration and treatment of adverse reactions","volume":"49","author":"Maloney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070711513289700_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa049","article-title":"Thyroid function in neonates conceived after hysterosalpingography with iodinated contrast","volume":"35","author":"van Welie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070711513289700_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S1076-6332(98)80026-3","article-title":"Iohexol: effects on uptake of radioactive iodine in the thyroid and on thyroid function","volume":"5","author":"Nygaard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070711513289700_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2013.2552","article-title":"Urinary iodine excretion after contrast computed tomography scan: implications for radioactive iodine use","volume":"139","author":"Nimmons","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026070711513289700_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2012.0099","article-title":"One month is sufficient for urinary iodine to return to its baseline value after the use of water-soluble iodinated contrast agents in post-thyroidectomy patients requiring radioiodine therapy","volume":"22","author":"Padovani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070711513289700_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0020","article-title":"2015 American thyroid association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American thyroid association guidelines task force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer","volume":"26","author":"Haugen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070711513289700_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-12795","article-title":"Thyroid function, thyroid immunoglobulin status, and urinary iodine excretion after enteral contrast-agent administration by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography","volume":"33","author":"Fassbender","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026070711513289700_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590802246364","article-title":"Thyroid function after hysterosalpingography using an oil-soluble iodinated contrast medium","volume":"24","author":"Mekaru","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070711513289700_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2003-0033","article-title":"Thyroid hormone action in the heart","volume":"26","author":"Kahaly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026070711513289700_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.105","article-title":"Cardiovascular involvement in patients with different causes of hyperthyroidism","volume":"6","author":"Biondi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026070711513289700_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00166","article-title":"Excess mortality in treated and untreated hyperthyroidism is related to cumulative periods of low serum TSH","volume":"102","author":"Lillevang-Johansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070711513289700_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1400264","article-title":"Risk of iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis after coronary angiography: an investigation in 788 unselected subjects","volume":"140","author":"Hintze","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070711513289700_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01347.x","article-title":"TSH-receptor antibody measurement for differentiation of hyperthyroidism into Graves\u2019 disease and multinodular toxic goitre: a comparison of two competitive binding assays","volume":"55","author":"Pedersen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070711513289700_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4158\/EP-2019-0363","article-title":"TSH receptor antibodies: relevance & utility","volume":"26","author":"Kahaly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070711513289700_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.2015.0025","article-title":"Amiodarone and the thyroid","volume":"66","author":"Jabrocka-Hybel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endokrynol Pol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070711513289700_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1996.tb05637.x","article-title":"Differences in the signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism in older and younger patients","volume":"44","author":"Trivalle","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070711513289700_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2495","article-title":"Older subjects with hyperthyroidism present with a paucity of symptoms and signs: a large cross-sectional study","volume":"95","author":"Boelaert","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070711513289700_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(93)90235-H","article-title":"Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism due to nonionic contrast radiography in the elderly","volume":"95","author":"Martin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070711513289700_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1996.tb94135.x","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism in elderly hospitalised patients. Clinical features and treatment outcomes","volume":"164","author":"Martin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070711513289700_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1089\/105072501300176462","article-title":"Iodine-induced hypothyroidism","volume":"11","author":"Markou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070711513289700_ref69","first-page":"49","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric aspects of hypothyroidism and treatment reversibility","volume":"32","author":"Davis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026070711513289700_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.06.013","article-title":"Hypothyroid symptoms fail to predict thyroid insufficiency in old people: a population-based case-control study","volume":"129","author":"Carl\u00e9","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026070711513289700_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2009.01412.x","article-title":"Hypothyroidism in neonates post-iodinated contrast media: a systematic review","volume":"98","author":"Ahmet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070711513289700_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2016-0141","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction in preterm neonates exposed to iodine","volume":"45","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070711513289700_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F212","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314665","article-title":"Does the use of an iodine-containing contrast agent to visualise the PICC tip in preterm babies cause hypothyroidism? A randomised controlled trial","volume":"104","author":"Rath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026070711513289700_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0220240","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220240","article-title":"How can the occurrence of delayed elevation of thyroid stimulating hormone in preterm infants born between 35 and 36 weeks gestation be predicted?","volume":"14","author":"Heo","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026070711513289700_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3521","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1956","article-title":"Iodine-induced hypothyroidism in full-term infants with congenital heart disease: more common than currently appreciated?","volume":"99","author":"Thaker","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026070711513289700_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2017-00174","article-title":"Hypothyroidism in infants with congenital heart disease exposed to excess iodine","volume":"1","author":"Thaker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026070711513289700_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3585","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00960","article-title":"Early identification of primary hypothyroidism in neonates exposed to intralymphatic iodinated contrast: a case series","volume":"103","author":"Cherella","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026070711513289700_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-019-04247-1","article-title":"Voiding cystography: an unusual route of induced hypothyroidism by iodine overdose in two newborns with chronic kidney disease","volume":"34","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026070711513289700_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3910","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1066","article-title":"A case of fetal goiter that resolved spontaneously after birth","volume":"98","author":"Omoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026070711513289700_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230854","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-230854","article-title":"Transient neonatal hypothyroidism secondary to postnatal maternal exposure to contrast medium","volume":"12","author":"Themelin","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070711513289700_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1159\/000358198","article-title":"European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology consensus guidelines on screening, diagnosis, and management of congenital hypothyroidism","volume":"81","author":"L\u00e9ger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026070711513289700_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0353","article-title":"Standardized map of iodine status in Europe","volume":"30","author":"Ittermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070711513289700_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0186","article-title":"Effects of adequate iodine supply on the incidence of iodine-induced thyroid disorders in Slovenia","volume":"27","author":"Bajuk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026070711513289700_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-73-5-958","article-title":"Impaired intrathyroidal iodine organification and iodine-induced hypothyroidism in euthyroid women with a previous episode of postpartum thyroiditis","volume":"73","author":"Roti","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070711513289700_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1990.tb01903.x","article-title":"Iodide-induced hypothyroidism in patients after thyroid resection","volume":"20","author":"Clark","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070711513289700_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1430319","article-title":"Increased sensitivity to the inhibitory effect of excess iodide on thyroid function in patients with beta-thalassemia major and iron overload and the subsequent development of hypothyroidism","volume":"143","author":"Alexandrides","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070711513289700_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000542","article-title":"Thyroid disease in end-stage renal disease","volume":"28","author":"Rhee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070711513289700_ref88","first-page":"363","article-title":"Thyroid functions after contrast agent administration for coronary angiography: a prospective observational study in euthyroid patients","volume":"13","author":"\u00d6zkan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anadolu Kardiyol Derg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070711513289700_ref89","first-page":"294","article-title":"Comparison and assessment of thyroid morphology and function in inhabitants of Lower Silesia before and after administration of a single dose of iodine-containing contrast agent during cardiac intervention procedure","volume":"63","author":"Sk\u00f3rkowska-Telichowska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endokrynol Pol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070711513289700_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12818","article-title":"A low incidence of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism following administration of iodinated contrast in an iodine-deficient region","volume":"84","author":"Jarvis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070711513289700_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1996.6.107","article-title":"A prospective study of the effect of nonionic contrast media on thyroid function","volume":"6","author":"Conn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2026070711513289700_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-207657","article-title":"The dangers of iodine-based contrasts in an elderly patient with thyroid disease","author":"Ledingham","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070711513289700_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1590\/2359-3997000000143","article-title":"Radio-contrast agent-induced hyperthyroidism: case report and review of the literature","volume":"60","author":"Iakovou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"49","key":"2026070711513289700_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5588","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005588","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism secondary to hysterosalpingography: an extremely rare complication: a case report","volume":"95","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070711513289700_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.120734","article-title":"Iodinated contrast-induced thyrotoxicosis","volume":"185","author":"Dunne","year":"2013","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"2026070711513289700_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.06.2009.1982","article-title":"Contrast induced hyperthyroidism due to iodine excess","volume":"2009","author":"Mushtaq","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"2026070711513289700_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2014208119","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-208119","article-title":"Thyrotoxicosis: an under-recognised aetiology","volume":"2015","author":"Dave","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070711513289700_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1076723","article-title":"Thyrotoxicosis after iodine contrast medium administration: rapid mood swing to mania and subsequent psychotic depression in a patient with bipolar disorder during lithium therapy","volume":"41","author":"Arlt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"}],"container-title":["European Thyroid Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/517175","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/etj\/article-pdf\/10\/4\/269\/21749\/etj517175.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/etj\/article-pdf\/10\/4\/269\/21749\/etj517175.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T16:27:28Z","timestamp":1783441648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/etj\/article\/10\/4\/269\/2744\/2021-European-Thyroid-Association-Guidelines-for"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000517175","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-0802","2235-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-0802","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2235-0640","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]]}}}