{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T12:15:57Z","timestamp":1768738557037,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dev Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Microglia may contribute to injury but may also have neuroprotective properties. Galectin-3 has immunomodulatory properties that may affect the microglia phenotype and subsequent development of injury. Galectin-3 contributes to experimental hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury in the neonatal brain, but it is unclear if galectin-3 has similar effects on infectious and sterile inflammation. Thus, we investigated the effect of galectin-3 on microglia in vitro under normal as well as infectious and sterile inflammatory conditions, and the effect of galectin-3 on neonatal brain injury following an infectious challenge in vivo. Conditions mimicking infectious or sterile inflammation were evaluated in primary microglia cell cultures from newborn mice, using LPS (10 ng\/mL) and TNF-\u03b1 (100 ng\/mL). The response to galectin-3 was tested alone or together with LPS or TNF-\u03b1. Supernatants were collected 24 h after treatment and analyzed for 23 inflammatory mediators including pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines using multiplex protein analysis, as well as ELISA for MCP-1 and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1. Phosphorylation of proteins (AKT, ERK1\/2, I\u03baB-\u03b1, JNK, and p38) was determined in microglia cells. Neonatal brain injury was induced by a combination of LPS and HI (LPS + HI) in postnatal day 9 transgenic mice lacking functional galectin-3 and wild-type controls. LPS and TNF-\u03b1 induced pro-inflammatory (9\/11 vs. 9\/10) and anti-inflammatory (6\/6 vs. 2\/6) cytokines, as well as chemokines (6\/6 vs. 4\/6) in a similar manner, except generally lower amplitude of the TNF-\u03b1-induced response. Galectin-3 alone had no effect on any of the proteins analyzed. Galectin-3 reduced the LPS- and TNF-\u03b1-induced microglia response for cytokines, chemokines, and phosphorylation of I\u03baB-\u03b1. LPS decreased baseline IGF-1 levels, and the levels were restored by galectin-3. Brain injury or microglia response after LPS + HI was not affected by galectin-3 deficiency. Galectin-3 has no independent effect on microglia but modulates inflammatory activation in vitro. The effect was similar under infectious and sterile inflammatory conditions, suggesting that galectin-3 regulates inflammation not just by binding to LPS or toll-like receptor-4. Galectin-3 restores IGF-1 levels reduced by LPS-induced inflammation, suggesting a potential protective effect on infectious injury. However, galectin-3 deficiency did not affect microglia activation and was not beneficial in an injury model encompassing an infectious challenge. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000517687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T21:00:32Z","timestamp":1623790832000},"page":"296-311","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Galectin-3 Modulates Microglia Inflammation in vitro but Not Neonatal Brain Injury in vivo under Inflammatory Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Karin","family":"S\u00e4vman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali Hoseinpoor","family":"Rafati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pernilla","family":"Svedin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syam","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Golubinskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3414-1584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Ardalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly L.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Karlsson-Bengtsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8953-919X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina","family":"Mallard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.13"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/01.pdr.0000228323.32445.7d"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70710-8"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9378(98)70387-4"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2009.07.009"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199904010-00008"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000359950"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000368770"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4391-06.2007"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.08.018"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.02.005"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2102-11.2011"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4547(20000815)61:4%3c430::aid-jnr9%3e3.0.co;2-3"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.024"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.4.2156"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1998.00517.x"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000154"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.4.2650"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.11.005"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24087"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2009.10.018"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0673-13.2013"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900762"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13714"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.v91.9.3430.3430_3430_3438"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2014-0250"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22480"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.106.038539"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200001000-00013"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816x.2001.01474.x"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000346685"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.47"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000163513.03619.8D"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.03.033"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000155758.79523.44"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.45.29417"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.2.5.604-608.1995"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11441-0"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.18.1.621"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.4.2781"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0169-328x(98)00122-3"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.03982.x"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291x(92)91774-k"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22887"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.007776"}],"container-title":["Developmental Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/517687","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/517687","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T15:07:33Z","timestamp":1745420853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000517687"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000517687","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-5866","1421-9859"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-5866","type":"print"},{"value":"1421-9859","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}