{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:12:38Z","timestamp":1789168358300,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631232000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sex Dev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>LIM homeodomain (LIM-HD) family genes are transcription factors that play crucial roles in a variety of functions during embryonic development. The activities of the LIM-HD proteins are regulated by the co-regulators LIM only (LMO) and LIM domain-binding (LDB). In the mouse genome, there are 13 LIM-HD genes (&lt;i&gt;Lhx1&lt;\/i&gt;\u2013&lt;i&gt;Lhx9&lt;\/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Isl1&lt;\/i&gt;\u2013&lt;i&gt;2&lt;\/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Lmx1a&lt;\/i&gt;\u2013&lt;i&gt;1b&lt;\/i&gt;), 4 Lmo genes (&lt;i&gt;Lmo1&lt;\/i&gt;\u2013&lt;i&gt;4&lt;\/i&gt;), and 2 Ldb genes (&lt;i&gt;Ldb1&lt;\/i&gt;\u2013&lt;i&gt;2&lt;\/i&gt;). Amongst these, &lt;i&gt;Lhx1&lt;\/i&gt; is required for the development of the m\u00fcllerian duct epithelium and the timing of the primordial germ cell migration. &lt;i&gt;Lhx8&lt;\/i&gt; is necessary for oocyte differentiation and &lt;i&gt;Lhx9&lt;\/i&gt; for somatic cell proliferation in the genital ridges and control of testosterone production in the Leydig cells. &lt;i&gt;Lmo4&lt;\/i&gt; is involved in Sertoli cell differentiation. Mutations in &lt;i&gt;LHX1&lt;\/i&gt; are associated with m\u00fcllerian agenesis or Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome. &lt;i&gt;LHX9&lt;\/i&gt; gene variants are reported in cases with disorders of sex development (DSD). Mutations in &lt;i&gt;LHX3&lt;\/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;LHX4&lt;\/i&gt; are reported in patients with combined pituitary hormone deficiency having absent or delayed puberty. A transcript map of the &lt;i&gt;Lhx&lt;\/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Lmo,&lt;\/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Ldb&lt;\/i&gt; genes reveal that multiple LIM-HD genes and their co-regulators are expressed in a sexually dimorphic pattern in the developing mouse gonads. Unraveling the roles of LIM-HD genes during development will aid in our understanding of the causes of DSD. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000518323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T21:00:32Z","timestamp":1631307632000},"page":"147-161","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["LIM Homeodomain (LIM-HD) Genes and Their Co-Regulators in Developing Reproductive System and Disorders of Sex Development"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Neha","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domdatt","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4230-4219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepak","family":"Modi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2014.00059"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.130"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.190120dm"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0925-4773(99)00314-7"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1919"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.15.3258"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1994.1018"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.041830"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.12932"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-206193"},{"key":"ref11"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0925-4773(98)00233-0"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1324722"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.22497"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35002622"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.10235"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00412-015-0543-8"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-020-02148-0"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.150062"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-14-0177"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5389"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.575706"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2007.051839"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.069393"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.02.046"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1043-2760(01)00541-0"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-3158"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.09.001"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1521-1878(199801)20:1%3c58::aid-bies9%3e3.0.co;2-o"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2015.04.066"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.163"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-1105-y"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2016-1101"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/ABiol.58.2007.2.3"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10577-011-9254-z"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164671"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000499274"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072282"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10577-007-1161-y"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/346245a0"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.129734"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.23872"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-5-47"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201701480R"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12041-016-0685-3"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2014.01.025"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.194420"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2006.03.004"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13258-010-0008-7"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1499"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20894"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.187856"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2020.10.009"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1225"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00951"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033261"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/348450a0"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.61860"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.13160"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000442975"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw003"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.149203"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2019.04.003"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0361393"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400030"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3418"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1567-133x(02)00050-9"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dgd.12609"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0845-0"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022251"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00225"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003630"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.23761"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.10153"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2108\/zsj.24.798"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20669"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.6.7539"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601083103"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.04.017"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-015-0151-3"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.19-02-00783.1999"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2815"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00010"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-8-125"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-013-2952-1"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01469"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/374425a0"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-37972-8_1"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005531"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-8-4"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2019.02.004"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000096235"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.22417"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.88"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1542704"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.164384"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2000.9733"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.026476"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.25.13707"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-018-1879-y"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2014.3112"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa101"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2012.09.016"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-016-0246-7"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2011.204"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000444065"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2017.11.005"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.12.005"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-014-0740-x"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jme-17-0314"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127332"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2012.06.093"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14455"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2018.07.010"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.26.15002"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1537759100"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202001034RR"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202001034RR"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-267500"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.12.025"}],"container-title":["Sexual Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/518323","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/518323","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T15:14:18Z","timestamp":1745421258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000518323"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000518323","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1661-5425","1661-5433"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1661-5425","type":"print"},{"value":"1661-5433","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]]}}}