{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T19:55:19Z","timestamp":1790106919091,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633651200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Innate Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;i&gt;Klebsiella pneumoniae&lt;\/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;K. pneumoniae&lt;\/i&gt;) is a Gram-negative commensal bacterium and opportunistic pathogen. In healthy individuals, the innate immune system is adept at protecting against &lt;i&gt;K. pneumoniae&lt;\/i&gt; infection. Notably, the serum complement system and phagocytic leukocytes (e.g., neutrophils) are highly effective at eliminating &lt;i&gt;K. pneumoniae&lt;\/i&gt; and thereby preventing severe disease. On the other hand, the microbe is a major cause of healthcare-associated infections, especially in individuals with underlying susceptibility factors, such as pre-existing severe illness or immune suppression. The burden of &lt;i&gt;K. pneumoniae&lt;\/i&gt; infections in hospitals is compounded by antibiotic resistance. Treatment of these infections is often difficult largely because the microbes are usually resistant to multiple antibiotics (multidrug resistant [MDR]). There are a limited number of treatment options for these infections and new therapies, and preventative measures are needed. Here, we review host defense against &lt;i&gt;K. pneumoniae&lt;\/i&gt; and discuss recent therapeutic measures and vaccine approaches directed to treat and prevent severe disease caused by MDR &lt;i&gt;K. pneumoniae&lt;\/i&gt;. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000518679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]],"date-time":"2021-10-09T23:12:13Z","timestamp":1633821133000},"page":"167-181","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Innate Host Defense against &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Klebsiella pneumoniae&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; and the Outlook for Development of Immunotherapies"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Clement","family":"Opoku-Temeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Malachowa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott D.","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank R.","family":"DeLeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.4.589"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1396-6"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00355-19"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00078-15"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.22718"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1986.00360220057011"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-198810000-00009"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00776-18"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2004.05.008"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13007"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2020.1809322"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0315-1"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00181-19"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.15.22"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.4.1151-1161.2001"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02610-16"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2012.681369"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.06364-11"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12714"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-0996-7"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00783-20"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106262"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00056-6"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0124-z"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix783"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz830"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy576"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02097-16"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00483"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30517-0"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00519-19"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00174-20"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201910-2083OC"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.170.10.4960-4962.1988"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15573"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000073"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01924-13"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02673-14"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu157"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000102"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00197-18"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.3.852-860.1993"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.11.4719-4725.1996"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030857"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.70.5.2583-2590.2002"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.2.664-669.1999"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2019.08.003"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.60.6.2529-2535.1992"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.55.11.2741-2746.1987"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit384"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00043-20"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00775-15"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.100.4.417"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/103.2.157"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.106.2743.86"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/br.24.1.41-49.1960"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.26.1.99-109.1979"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/151.4.665"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.3.537"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12466"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.4.519"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00678-15"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.56656"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0598-615"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.3.1557"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-197306000-00006"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2012.723210"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.07.002"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-119-1-225"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.56.4.966-971.1988"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.60.11.4891-4897.1992"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.65.4.1139-1146.1997"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.11.5140-5146.1998"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00216.2001"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.6.3937"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.03.017"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006696"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.1.159"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/18.2.239"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/28.6.933"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.1995.7.5.406"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.62.10.4495-4499.1994"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0825-4"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw001"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01005-18"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00297-18"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02059-20"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00906-10"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00931-08"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.89704"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2017.09.019"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.09.017"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2015.59"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.25.3.4424"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079961"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2003.07.008"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2011.03.004"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-8244(02)00459-5"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02533-16"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00071-20"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00031-10"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.09.025"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00089-19"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009376"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-009-9217-4"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.661218"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c4mt00333k"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0284-4"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01219-07"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-018-0587-5"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/588383"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01667-13"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00430-15"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-21-1-271"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.171.3.1262-1270.1989"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00585-09"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-179"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/265623a0"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.169.3.934-938.1987"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00494-08"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0923-2508(02)00004-9"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26434-0"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.63.11.4336-4344.1995"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.6.2266-2273.1996"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00034-20"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01729-14"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700877"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006907"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1900570116"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.04.012"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00715-20"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.137686"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00357-20"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-958"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007862"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01052-13"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0640-1"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.3.1.87-93.1971"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02994-19"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02802-19"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.135591"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02347-19"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00456-16"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.92774"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02223-7"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-801238-3.00141-0"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2015.00050"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.10.018"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)91961-s"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2012.02549.x"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2019.102148"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17294\/2330-0698.1214"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-019-0254-1"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.50.1.225-230.1985"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1907833116"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201700964"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203143"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw021"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-14267"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01805"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001879"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.131195"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2017.1281505"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-090817-062535"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11100891"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01462-20"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S251171"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/ETLS20170002"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy947"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2164(10)70007-1"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02530-19"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00034-21"}],"container-title":["Journal of Innate Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/518679","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/518679","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T15:18:13Z","timestamp":1745421493000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000518679"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]]},"references-count":172,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000518679","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-811X","1662-8128"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-811X","type":"print"},{"value":"1662-8128","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]]}}}