{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T11:56:43Z","timestamp":1792843003572,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Neurosurg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"<b><i>Introduction:<\/i><\/b> Endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES) has been slower to gain popularity in early childhood due to anatomical challenges. We sought to describe the safety and efficacy of EES in early childhood. <b><i>Methods:<\/i><\/b> All patients younger than 7 years who underwent EES at a large Cranial Base Center from 2002 to 2019 were reviewed as a retrospective cohort study. <b><i>Results:<\/i><\/b> Thirty-six patients underwent EES before the age of 7 years. Four patients had two-stage EES. Two patients required combined transcranial and endonasal approaches. The mean age at the time of initial surgery was 4 years (range: 1\u20136). Twenty patients were male, and 16 were female. Of 21 tumors intended for resection, 11 patients had gross total resections, and 10 had near total (&#x3e;95% tumor removed) resections. Nine patients (43%) had recurrences, of which 6 were craniopharyngiomas (<i>p<\/i> = 0.01). There was no difference in recurrence rates based on the degree of resection (<i>p<\/i> = 0.67). Three cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks occurred following primary EES (8%). Following an increase in nasoseptal flap usage (31\u201352%) and CSF diversion (15\u201339%) in 2008, there was only one CSF leak out of 23 patients (4 vs. 15%; <i>p<\/i> = 0.54). Postoperatively, 1 patient developed a permanent new cranial neuropathy, and 1 patient developed a permanent visual field cut. Six patients developed permanent postoperative panhypopituitarism, of which all were craniopharyngiomas (<i>p<\/i> &#x3c; 0.001). The mean follow-up was 64 months. <b><i>Conclusions:<\/i><\/b> Early childhood EES is both safe and technically feasible for a variety of pathologies. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000518681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T21:00:32Z","timestamp":1631307632000},"page":"519-528","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Applications of Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery in Early Childhood: A Case Series"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Michael M.","family":"McDowell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussam","family":"Abou-Al-Shaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios A.","family":"Zenonos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric W.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl H.","family":"Snyderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000234933.37779.e4"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000297074.13423.f5"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2014.09.007"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.3.JNS142254"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.11.117"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.8.PEDS18183"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-992764"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20964"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.10.PEDS13303"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20216"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25395"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_1992_029_0118_csmboc_2.3.co_2"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e31806db514"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1645854"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2020.109962"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.6.JNS122259"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/PED\/2008\/1\/2\/126"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-012-0806-7"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.10.PEDS16270"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2016.12.019"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.4.JNS172447"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/518681","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/518681","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T15:18:14Z","timestamp":1745421494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000518681"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000518681","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1016-2291","1423-0305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1016-2291","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}