{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:02:24Z","timestamp":1791316944990,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horm Res Paediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"<b><i>Introduction:<\/i><\/b> Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is defined by persistent deficits in communication, socialization, and stereotypic behaviors. It was previously hypothesized that hormone dysfunction is a frequent occurrence among children diagnosed with an ASD. <b><i>Objectives:<\/i><\/b> A hypothesis-testing epidemiological study examined the relationship between precocious puberty (PP) (a known disorder of childhood sex hormone dysfunction) and ASD diagnoses. <b><i>Methods:<\/i><\/b> The Independent Healthcare Research Database is composed of de-identified linked eligibility and claims health-care records prospectively generated from the Florida Medicaid system. A cohort of 101,736 children eligible for Florida Medicaid from 1990 to 2009 and continuously eligible with \u226510 outpatient office visits during the 120-month period following birth were examined using SAS and StatsDirect software. There were 1,593 children (15,738 person-years) in the ASD diagnosed cohort utilizing the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th revision criteria (the International Code for Disease, 9th revision [ICD-9] codes: 299.00 or 299.80) and 100,143 children (996,835 person-years) in the undiagnosed cohort. <b><i>Results:<\/i><\/b> The incidence rate of PP (ICD-9 code: 259.1) was examined using Cox proportional hazards ratio (HR) and frequency models. PP per 10,000 person-years in the ASD cohort (43.2) relative to the undiagnosed cohort (13.7) was significantly increased in frequency modeling (risk ratio = 3.15, <i>p<\/i> &#x3c; 0.0001) and Cox proportional HR modeling (adjusted HR = 4.64, <i>p<\/i> &#x3c; 0.0001). Further analyses revealed the incidence rate of PP diagnosed after 3 years of age was significantly increased (adjusted HR = 5.16, <i>p<\/i> &#x3c; 0.0001) in the ASD cohort relative to the undiagnosed cohort but not for the incidence rate of PP diagnosed before 3 years (adjusted HR = 1.57, <i>p<\/i> = 0.44). <b><i>Conclusion:<\/i><\/b> This hypothesis-testing study provides strong evidence of an increased incidence rate of PP among children diagnosed with an ASD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000519141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T17:01:16Z","timestamp":1629738076000},"page":"219-228","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A Longitudinal Cohort Study of Precocious Puberty and Autism Spectrum Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"David A.","family":"Geier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark R.","family":"Geier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19315864.2012.681340"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.4208"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.11.018"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1036"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-008-9782-x"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2016.06.002"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2017.10.003"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa315"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics6040067"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005775"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-6-7"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.32-6-223"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.32-7-281"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2014.05.002"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0012162299000857"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02211853"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000865"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-013-0472-0"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/ijamh-2012-0116"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000094467"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.07.035"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21307\/ane-2020-007"}],"container-title":["Hormone Research in Paediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/519141","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/519141","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T11:22:42Z","timestamp":1745407362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000519141"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5-6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000519141","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-2818","1663-2826"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-2818","type":"print"},{"value":"1663-2826","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}