{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T23:25:17Z","timestamp":1784935517432,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<b><i>Introduction:<\/i><\/b> Mulberry (<i>Morus alba L<\/i>.) leaves are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, antiatherosclerotic, and anticancer properties. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) on <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i> (<i>S<\/i>. <i>aureus<\/i>)-induced conjunctivitis (5 \u00d7 10<sup>9<\/sup> colony-forming units, 0.5 mL\/eye) in a rabbit model. <b><i>Methods:<\/i><\/b> Rabbits were treated with MLE (5 mL\/kg\u00b7d<sup>\u22121<\/sup> and 10 mL\/kg\u00b7d<sup>\u22121<\/sup>), 0.9% saline, pearl bright eye (PBE) drops, or erythromycin eye ointment (EEO) group for 5 days. The ocular infection symptoms, bacterial negative conversion rate, and conjunctival histopathological changes of rabbits in each group were observed. The expression of caspase-1, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain, NOD-like receptor leucine-rich pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), interleukin (IL)-18, IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, TNF\u03b1, Keap1, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in conjunctival tissue of rabbits were detected by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR and\/or Western blot analysis. <b><i>Results:<\/i><\/b> The results showed that MLE treatment significantly reduced the clinical sign scores of conjunctivitis, alleviated clinical signs, and decreased bacterial load, and histological damage in a time- and dose-dependent manner was compared to that in the control group. The antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of MLE (10 mL\/kg\u00b7d<sup>\u22121<\/sup>) were similar to those of the positive control drug PBE and EEO. In addition, MLE significantly decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, downregulated the NLRP3 inflammasome, and upregulated the Nrf2 system. <b><i>Conclusions:<\/i><\/b> MLE is effective in alleviating <i>S<\/i>. <i>aureus<\/i>-induced conjunctivitis in rabbits, and this mechanism is associated with the inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome and activation of the Nrf2 system to regulate pro-inflammatory signaling. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000523786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T21:00:32Z","timestamp":1649883632000},"page":"250-262","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Mulberry Leaf Extract Alleviates <b><i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i><\/b>-Induced Conjunctivitis in Rabbits via Downregulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome and Upregulation of the Nrf2 System and Suppression of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linglin","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhentao","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ennian","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenna","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2018.10.009"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens7010009"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.03.076"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.010"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.40612"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11669\/cpj.2017.07.001"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.7.715"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-016-1214-0"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.09.013"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7501\/j.issn.0253-2670.2017.16.028"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9120835"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-021-01999-8"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16438\/j.0513-4870.2016-0502"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4116"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.11.005"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10325"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020562"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25225231"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20174205"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004170050214"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2012.716485"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138597"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223859"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1997.4507"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3980\/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.01.01"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.08.006"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.11.084"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2017.10.008"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.09.081"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020301"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.280318"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010485.pub2"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2014.11.007"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25173"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152728"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05718-11"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2015.3510"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2013.03.032"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3140"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.01.024."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.142."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.4.1907-1916.2005"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.06.021"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.4A0616-282RR"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11624."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R117.800169"}],"container-ti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