{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:17:30Z","timestamp":1787242650974,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Introduction:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Scleral hypoxia (HO) is present in myopic eyes, and interleukin (IL)-6 is increased in the aqueous humor of patients with high myopia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of IL-6 on scleral fibroblast proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis under conditions of HO and the possible role of IL-6 in myopic scleral remodeling. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Primary human scleral fibroblasts (HSFs) were cultured using a tissue mass adherent method. First, cells were cultured under conditions of HO (2% O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;) or normoxia (NO, 20% O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;) for different times. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of IL-6 in HSFs. Next, cells were divided into five groups: NO, HO, HO plus IL-6, HO plus IL-6 receptor inhibitor (IL6RI), and HO plus IL-6 and IL6RI. The groups were treated separately for 72 h. Cell counting kit-8 assay and flow cytometry were used to detect cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. Western blotting and qRT-PCR were used to detect the expression of various genes in the transforming growth factor-\u03b21\/Smad2\/matrix metalloproteinase-2 pathway; these methods and immunofluorescence were also used to detect transdifferentiation of HSFs. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; HO resulted in upregulation of IL-6 expression in HSFs. Compared with NO, HO resulted in diminished cell proliferation and increased apoptosis and differentiation in HSFs; the above trend was further enhanced by the addition of IL6RI. Compared with the HO group, the addition of IL-6 led to a decrease in cell proliferation and an increase in apoptosis and differentiation of HSFs; the above trends showed opposite changes after the addition of both IL-6 and IL6RI. Additionally, IL-6 and IL6RI exerted opposite regulatory effects on the transforming growth factor-\u03b21\/Smad2\/matrix metalloproteinase-2 pathway under conditions of HO. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusion:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; HO caused HSFs to overexpress IL-6. IL-6 has a role in scleral remodeling in myopic eyes through affecting the proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of HSFs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000524502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T17:00:48Z","timestamp":1649696448000},"page":"529-539","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Effect of Interleukin 6 on Scleral Fibroblast Proliferation, Differentiation, and Apoptosis Involved in Myopic Scleral Remodeling"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Ling","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shichun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengfang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39652-x"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10254-003-0012-2"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2016.03.018"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010389"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9010134"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1316909"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.01.014"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-016-1019-x"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00405"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3153"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2015.07.004"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-018-0458-0"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.4989"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216899"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01999-8"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-018-0841-2"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/524502","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/524502","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T12:03:14Z","timestamp":1745409794000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000524502"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000524502","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0030-3747","1423-0259"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0030-3747","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0259","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}}}