{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T04:23:03Z","timestamp":1745468583873,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neonatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper investigates causes and consequences of the prejudice towards extramaritally born infants. The main rationale for such defamation seems to have been religious teachings. However, rather than a matter of sexual morals, \u201cillegitimacy\u201d became an economic issue when infants were maintained on taxpayers\u2019 money. Under most civil laws, \u201cbastards\u201d could not inherit. In German-speaking states, they were excluded from the guilds, which deprived them of professional training. They found refuge in \u201cdishonest\u201d professions and life in poverty. In the Late Middle Ages, a third of the population was probably born extramaritally. From 1400 to 1600, the illegitimacy ratio dropped markedly, but from 1650 to 1850, it seems to have gradually risen from around 5 to 9% in most European states. French authorities did not search for the putative father but offered the mother the possibility to abandon her child in a foundling asylum. In 1990, the term \u201cillegitimacy\u201d was replaced by \u201cborn out of wedlock.\u201d After an extramarital birth, the infant mortality rate was elevated by 40\u201350% above that of maritally born infants. After 1960, effective contraception changed sexual morals, but marital fell more than extramarital fertility. Paternity was no longer uncertain. The Catholic church\u2019s influence decreased; and legal reforms protected the infant. Today, half of all infants in Europe are born out of wedlock; that is no longer a proxy for poverty. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000525306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T09:27:02Z","timestamp":1655890022000},"page":"652-659","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dishonoured: The Fate of Infants Born out of Wedlock"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Obladen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"container-title":["Neonatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/525306","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/525306","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T15:03:26Z","timestamp":1745420606000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000525306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000525306","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1661-7800","1661-7819"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1661-7800"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1661-7819"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}}}