{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:21:43Z","timestamp":1790709703291,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Surg Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic disease characterized by diffuse inflammation of the mucosa of colon and rectum. Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) mediates macrophage anti-inflammatory phenotype (alternatively activated macrophages [M2]). This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of IRF4 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced colonic mucosal epithelial cell proliferation via the regulation of macrophage polarization. Methods: Human bone marrow-derived macrophages were subjected to interleukin 4 (IL-4) induction. M2 macrophages were identified using flow cytometry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). IRF4 expression in M2 macrophages was detected using Western blot and qRT-PCR. IRF4 expression was silenced in M2 macrophages. IL-10 mRNA expression and protein level were detected using qRT-PCR and Western blot. The binding relation between IRF4 and IL-10 was verified using dual-luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Macrophages under different treatments were cocultured with LPS-induced human colonic mucosal epithelial cells. The levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, and IL-1\u03b2) were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The proliferation of inflammatory cells was measured using Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and the healing of inflammatory cells was detected using wound healing assay. Results: M2 macrophages alleviated LPS-induced inflammatory responses. IRF4 bound to IL-10 and promoted IL-10 expression. Inhibition of IRF4 reduced IL-10 expression and attenuated the alleviating effect of M2 macrophages on inflammatory responses. Inhibition of IRF4 combined with IL-10 overexpression enhanced the promoting effect of M2 macrophages on inflammatory healing. Conclusion: IRF4 promoted colonic mucosal epithelial cell proliferation by increasing IL-10 expression and regulating macrophage polarization to M2 phenotype, which might be related to UC mucosal healing. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000525753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T21:02:05Z","timestamp":1656709325000},"page":"257-268","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 (IRF4) Promotes Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Colonic Mucosal Epithelial Cell Proliferation by Regulating Macrophage Polarization"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honglang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huabin","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(12)60150-0"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2018-0036"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i28.9458"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.48448"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.01.047"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26429"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.12.041"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2011.0307"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-016-0854-1"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1920"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy332"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21476"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1119038109"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.563784"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2016.03.030"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv646"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2017.10.005"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2011.02.008"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201848014"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.3018"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.08.011"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13339"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-020-00576-4"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107284"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-302830"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24838"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900775"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101312"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7850324"}],"container-title":["European Surgical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/esr\/article\/63\/4\/257\/841697\/Interferon-Regulatory-Factor-4-IRF4-Promotes","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/esr\/article\/63\/4\/257\/841697\/Interferon-Regulatory-Factor-4-IRF4-Promotes","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T15:08:52Z","timestamp":1745420932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000525753"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000525753","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-312X","1421-9921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-312X","type":"print"},{"value":"1421-9921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}}}