{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:48:59Z","timestamp":1790804939910,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]],"date-time":"2022-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]],"date-time":"2022-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ORL"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction:  No studies have reported data on 2-year prevalence and recovery rates of self-reported COVID-19-related quantitative and qualitative olfactory and gustatory dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to estimate the 2-year prevalence and recovery rate of self-reported COVID-19-related olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in a cohort of patients with antecedent mild-to-moderate disease. Methods: This is a prospective observational study, measuring the prevalence of altered sense of smell or taste at follow-up and their variation from baseline, on adult patients consecutively assessed at Trieste University Hospital, who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by polymerase chain reaction during March 2020. Results: Overall, 174 (68.8%), 53 (20.9%), and 36 (14.2%) of 253 responders reported an altered sense of smell or taste (SNOT-22 &gt;0) at baseline, 12 months, and 24 months, respectively. Among the 174 patients who have complained a COVID-19-associated olfactory or gustatory dysfunction at baseline, 138 (79.3%) reported complete resolution of smell or taste impairment with 17 subjects (9.8%) recovering after more than 1 year after the initial infection, 33 (19.0%) reported a decrease in the severity, and only 3 (1.7%) reported that the symptom was unchanged at the 24-month interview. Twenty subjects (7.9%) complained of at least one qualitative long-term symptom. Conclusion:  Two years after the infection, most patients experience a favourable evolution of COVID-19-related olfactory or gustatory dysfunction. A late recovery was observed in 10% of subjects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000525861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]],"date-time":"2022-09-05T17:00:32Z","timestamp":1662397232000},"page":"67-71","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["COVID-19-Related Quantitative and Qualitative Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction: Long-Term Prevalence and Recovery Rate"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Paolo","family":"Boscolo-Rizzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Tofanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4010-9142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Zanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7372-9658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Gardenal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Tirelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000515132"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6771"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2014.28.4102"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-003-0703-y"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.532"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29982"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life12020141"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjt072"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-021-06839-w"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4486.2009.01995.x"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-021-06810-9"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000516316"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.12.641"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa038"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22818"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-021-02630-9"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-021-00876-6"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-069860"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjab006"}],"container-title":["ORL"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/orl\/article-pdf\/85\/2\/67\/3961883\/000525861.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/orl\/article-pdf\/85\/2\/67\/3961883\/000525861.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T11:10:11Z","timestamp":1745406611000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000525861"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000525861","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-1569","1423-0275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-1569","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]]}}}