{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T01:16:29Z","timestamp":1775092589425,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661817600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horm Res Paediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The field of cell therapy of type 1 diabetes is a particularly interesting example in the scenario of regenerative medicine. In fact, \u03b2-cell replacement has its roots in the experience of islet transplantation, which began 40 years ago and is currently a rapidly accelerating field, with several ongoing clinical trials using \u03b2 cells derived from stem cells. Type 1 diabetes is particularly suitable for cell therapy as it is a disease due to the deficiency of only one cell type, the insulin-producing \u03b2 cell, and this endocrine cell does not need to be positioned inside the pancreas to perform its function. On the other hand, the presence of a double immunological barrier, the allogeneic one and the autoimmune one, makes the protection of \u03b2 cells from rejection a major challenge. Until today, islet transplantation has taught us a lot, pioneering immunosuppressive therapies, graft encapsulation, tissue engineering, and test of different implant sites and has stimulated a great variety of studies on \u03b2-cell function. 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