{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T12:59:59Z","timestamp":1768827599320,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychopathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Heautoscopy refers to a pathological experience of visual reduplication of one\u2019s body with an ambiguous sense of self-location and a disturbing sensation of owning the illusory body. It has been recognized to occur in the course of strikingly diverse psychiatric and neurological disorders, such as schizophrenia, space-occupying lesions, frequently of the temporal or parietal lobes, migraine, epilepsy, and depression. The literature on the subject suffers from numerous conceptual inconsistencies, scarcity of clinical data, and a lack of theoretical integratory framework that could explain the uniqueness of these symptoms. Aims: In the study, we aimed to review all case reports on heautoscopy we could cull from the literature with an attempt to extract common factors and to foster a theoretical synthesis. Methods: All medical and psychological databases were rigorously searched, along with reference lists of the preselected articles. First-person reports were classified according to aspects of bodily self-consciousness primarily affected: body ownership, self-location, sense of agency and consequently, collated with their etiological backgrounds. Results: Out of over 140 case studies, a total of only 9 patients with heautoscopy were selected as satisfying functional criteria, carefully distinguishing heautoscopy from other typically conflated full-body anomalies: autoscopy, out-of-body experience, or feeling of presence. Numerous cases turned out to be mislabeling autoscopy or out-of-body experience as heautoscopy. In addition, several problems with existing neuroimaging experiments were identified. Conclusion: Phenomenological analysis revealed that from the patients\u2019 perspective, heautoscopy resembles a somatesthetic-proprioceptive illusion, rather than a cognitive delusion, and occurs much less frequently than reported. A most peculiar symptom, described by some as a sense of \u201cbilocation,\u201d appears to stem from dynamic shifts in self-location and expanded body ownership, rather than an expanded first-person perspective. Although extremely rare in its pure form, heautoscopy gives a unique opportunity to explore the brain limits to the plasticity of bodily boundaries and the origin of the first-person spatial perspective. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000526869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T22:00:31Z","timestamp":1667599231000},"page":"306-314","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Splitting the Unity of Bodily Self: Toward a Comprehensive Review of Phenomenology and Psychopathology of Heautoscopy"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Joanna","family":"Szczotka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7347-2696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Wierzcho\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2013.08.013"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00693"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.03.059"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1364-6613(99)01417-5"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107119"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.7.1022"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1562-y"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13554794.2011.654213"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.2.292"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.68.1.83"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/135468098396143"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.2.159"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089823"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5325\/jspecphil.24.3.0239"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0072-9752(07)88022-5"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.10.003"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2005.05.008"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-7-2"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/135468097396397"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.165.6.808"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3917\/imin.014.0023"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.18.1.53"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/86.4.595"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00343109"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-13263"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.01.024"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001150050767"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1960.tb09477.x"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1970.tb07987.x"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/neur.9.4.329.15552"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291700048066"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0010-9452(08)70403-9"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1958.02340080069019"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1980.tb02871.x"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.57.7.838"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520460060015"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00946"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-8343(79)90006-9"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.07.012"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.153.6.825"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13554790590944799"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2009.12.016"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2012.01.010"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-195304000-00008"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.145.2.193"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/77.1.45"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1997.00550240091017"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws364"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.03.009"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro.2006.17.6.643"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858404270885"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-018-9997-7"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.09.049"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(05)50024-4"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-009-0092-7"},{"k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