{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:27:20Z","timestamp":1790616440396,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cerebrovasc Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Inflammatory cytokines are closely associated with developing cardiac fibrosis. This research aimed to explore the significant role of IL-11 in atrial fibrosis progression and potential therapeutic targets. Methods: 207 AF patients and 160 healthy subjects were included in the case-control study. Blood samples were analyzed for the level of IL-11 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Angiotensin II (Ang II)-treated fibrosis mouse models were generated, and expression of IL-11 mRNA and protein was detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot. IL-11 antagonist was used to evaluating atrial fibrosis-related markers. Results: The persistent atrial fibrillation patients (n = 76) had significantly larger left atrial size, higher serum levels of hypertrophic protein BNP, proinflammatory cytokine high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) compared to paroxysmal atrial fibrillation patients (n = 131), and healthy subjects (all p &lt; 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlation between serum IL-11 and cardiac fibrosis markers BNP (r = 0.394, p &lt; 0.001), CTX-I (r = 0.418, p &lt; 0.001), PICP (r = 0.306, p &lt; 0.001), PIIINP (r = 0.335, p &lt; 0.001), and TGF-\u03b21 (r = 0.273, p &lt; 0.001). In the fibrosis mouse model, Ang II infusion significantly upregulated IL-11 mRNA and protein expression in the left atrium of mice (p &lt; 0.05), as well as staining intensity of Masson trichrome, the intensity of \u03b1-SMA, and it increased mRNA expression of collagen I and III in atrial tissue. IL-11 antagonist treatment significantly attenuated Masson trichrome, number of \u03b1-SMA-positive myofibroblasts in atrial tissue. Also, it significantly reduced the p-ERK1\/2 in atrial tissue of mice infused with Ang II (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: IL-11 is upregulated in the serum of AF patients, and IL-11 inhibitor significantly inhibited Ang II-induced atrial fibrosis, a key pathological feature of AF. Therefore, IL-11 could be a potential therapeutic target for AF. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000527740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T22:00:39Z","timestamp":1672869639000},"page":"575-586","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Interleukin-11 Is Elevated in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation, Correlates with Serum Fibrosis Markers, and Represents a Therapeutic Target for Atrial 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