{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T18:32:25Z","timestamp":1789410745596,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Vitiligo is an autoimmune disorder that causes patchy loss of skin pigmentation. Up to 2.16% of pediatric patients may have vitiligo. This study estimated vitiligo point prevalence in children and adolescents (ages: 4\u201311 and 12\u201317 years) in the United States (US). Methods: An online, population-based survey of a nationally representative sample of individuals based on 2017 US Census Bureau estimates for age, race, Hispanic origin, income, and geographic region was conducted from December 2019 to March 2020. Parent\/legal guardian proxies responded on behalf of their children or adolescents to vitiligo screening questions. Proxy-reported vitiligo status was adjudicated by expert dermatologists who reviewed photographs of vitiligo lesions uploaded by proxies using a teledermatology application. Estimated point prevalence (including diagnosed and undiagnosed vitiligo and its subtypes) was calculated for proxy-reported and clinician-adjudicated vitiligo. Results: There were 9,118 eligible proxy responses (5,209 children, mean age 7.7 years; 3,909 adolescents, mean age 14.4 years). The proxy-reported vitiligo prevalence (95% confidence interval) for children and adolescents was 1.52% (1.11\u20131.93) and 2.16% (1.66\u20132.65), respectively. The clinician-adjudicated prevalence (sensitivity analysis bounds) was 0.84% (0.83\u20131.23) and 1.19% (1.18\u20131.74), respectively. Approximately 69% of children and 65% of adolescents had nonsegmental vitiligo (clinician adjudicated) and up to 50% may be undiagnosed. Conclusion: Based on the clinician-adjudicated prevalence estimates, there were more than 591,000 cases of vitiligo in children and adolescents in the US in 2020. More than two-thirds had nonsegmental vitiligo and nearly half may be undiagnosed. Future studies should confirm these findings. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000528180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T22:00:32Z","timestamp":1673474432000},"page":"227-234","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Prevalence of Vitiligo among Children and Adolescents in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"239","author":[{"given":"Reema","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3916-2651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit G.","family":"Pandya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanja","family":"Sikirica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kavita","family":"Gandhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoshana R.","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn P.","family":"Anastassopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynne","family":"Napatalung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Baik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Ezzedine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"container-title":["Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/drm\/article-pdf\/239\/2\/227\/3951392\/000528180.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/drm\/article-pdf\/239\/2\/227\/3951392\/000528180.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T15:34:49Z","timestamp":1745422489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000528180"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000528180","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-8665","1421-9832"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-8665","type":"print"},{"value":"1421-9832","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}}}