{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T13:12:37Z","timestamp":1768482757463,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuropsychobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: High rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) activity is proposed as a nonspecific prognostic marker for treatment response in major depressive disorder, independent of treatment modality. However, other studies report a negative association between baseline high rACC activation and treatment response. Interestingly, these contradictory findings were also found when focusing on oscillatory markers, specifically rACC-theta power. An explanation could be that rACC-theta activity dynamically changes according to number of previous treatment attempts and thus is mediated by level of treatment-resistance. Methods: Primarily, we analyzed differences in rACC- and frontal-theta activity in large national cross-sectional samples representing various levels of treatment-resistance and resistance to multimodal treatments in depressed patients (psychotherapy [n = 175], antidepressant medication [AD; n = 106], repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation [rTMS; n = 196], and electroconvulsive therapy [ECT; n = 41]), and the respective difference between remitters and non-remitters. For exploratory purposes, we also investigated other frequency bands (delta, alpha, beta, gamma). Results: rACC-theta activity was higher (p &amp;lt; 0.001) in the more resistant rTMS and ECT patients relative to the less resistant psychotherapy and AD patients (psychotherapy-rTMS: d = 0.315; AD-rTMS: d = 0.320; psychotherapy-ECT: d = 1.031; AD-ECT: d = 1.034), with no difference between psychotherapy and AD patients. This association was even more pronounced after controlling for frontal-theta. Post hoc analyses also yielded effects for delta, beta, and gamma bands. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that by factoring in degree of treatment-resistance during interpretation of the rACC-theta biomarker, its usefulness in treatment selection and prognosis could potentially be improved substantially in future real-world practice. Future research should however also investigate specificity of the theta band. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000533853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T21:00:35Z","timestamp":1697576435000},"page":"373-383","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex Oscillatory Power Indexes Treatment-Resistance to Multiple Therapies in Major Depressive Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Amourie","family":"Prentice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Barreiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikita","family":"van der 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