{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T04:53:58Z","timestamp":1789620838323,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698364800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Nephrol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Sickle cell disease is an inherited red blood cell disorder that affects approximately 100,000 people in the USA and 25 million people worldwide. Vaso-occlusion and chronic hemolysis lead to dysfunction of vital organ systems, with the kidneys being among the most commonly affected organs. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Summary:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Early renal manifestations include medullary ischemia with the loss of urine-concentrating ability and hyperfiltration. This can be followed by progressive damage characterized by persistent albuminuria and a decline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate. The risk of sickle nephropathy is greater in those with the &lt;i&gt;APOL1&lt;\/i&gt; G1 and G2 kidney risk variants and variants in &lt;i&gt;HMOX1&lt;\/i&gt; and lower in those that coinherit \u03b1-thalassemia. Therapies to treat sickle cell disease-related kidney damage focus on sickle cell disease-modifying therapies (e.g., hydroxyurea) or those adopted from the nonsickle cell disease kidney literature (e.g., renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors), although data on their clinical efficacy are limited to small studies with short follow-up periods. Kidney transplantation for end-stage kidney disease improves survival compared to hemodialysis but is underutilized in this patient population. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Key Messages:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Kidney disease is a major contributor to early mortality, and more research is needed to understand the pathophysiology and develop targeted therapies to improve kidney health in sickle cell disease. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000534865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T21:02:04Z","timestamp":1698440524000},"page":"56-71","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Sickle Cell Disease and CKD: An Update"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Rima S.","family":"Zahr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santosh L.","family":"Saraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"container-title":["American Journal of Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/ajn\/article-pdf\/55\/1\/56\/4163541\/000534865.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/ajn\/article-pdf\/55\/1\/56\/4163541\/000534865.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T15:51:27Z","timestamp":1745423487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000534865"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000534865","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0250-8095","1421-9670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0250-8095","type":"print"},{"value":"1421-9670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]}}}