{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:21:28Z","timestamp":1790007688128,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Caries Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Introduction:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the suitability of high-resolution time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) for visualizing cross-sectional changes in human enamel microstructure and chemical composition during treatment and remineralization cycling of artificially generated caries lesions underneath an artificial plaque. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Treatments consisted of exposure to twice daily toothpaste\/water slurries prepared from 0, 1,100, and 5,000 \u03bcg\/g fluoride (F) NaF\/silica toothpastes. In addition, treatments with slurries prepared from 1,100 \u03bcg\/g F SnF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;\/silica toothpastes were done using &lt;sup&gt;44&lt;\/sup&gt;Ca in the remineralization solution to allow for differentiation of newly formed mineral and exploration of incorporated metal dopants using ToF-SIMS. Complementary microhardness, scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) investigations were performed on enamel cross sections. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; HR-TEM was used for the first time to determine the change in crystallinity during remineralization revealing distinct microstructural zones within one lesion. Chemical mapping using ToF-SIMS demonstrated that the distribution of F, while observed primarily in the new mineral phase, was widespread throughout the lesion with &lt;sup&gt;44&lt;\/sup&gt;Ca substantially limited to the remineralizing mineral. Both penetrated the inter-rod spaces of the sound enamel illustrating how acid damage propagates into the native mineral as the caries lesion deepens. HR-TEM examination revealed different regions within the lesion characterized by distinct micro- and ultrastructures. Importantly, HR-TEM revealed a return of crystallinity following remineralization. F dose-response observations verified the ability of these high-resolution techniques to differentiate remineralization efficacy. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusion:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; The collective results provided new insights such as the visualization of F or calcium penetration pathways, as well as new tools to study the caries process. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000535979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T21:00:26Z","timestamp":1714078826000},"page":"407-420","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["High-Resolution Characterization of Enamel Remineralization Using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and Electron Microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Kiesow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Morawietz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Gruner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Gierth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lutz","family":"Berthold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Schneiderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"St. John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la102325e"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.6b00782"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374970110040201"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.01.043"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000261059"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.08.005"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.03.013"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000261026"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12853"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000260296"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910808700420"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034511429570"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034512444127"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0003-9969(96)00089-1"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374950090030101"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000260527"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12619"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927615000033"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034512439716"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2007.02.007"}],"container-title":["Caries Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/cre\/article-pdf\/58\/4\/407\/4263865\/000535979.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/cre\/article-pdf\/58\/4\/407\/4263865\/000535979.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T16:03:23Z","timestamp":1745424203000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000535979"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000535979","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.25188629","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["0008-6568","1421-976X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0008-6568","type":"print"},{"value":"1421-976X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}